The Double Life Exposed in The Scarlet Letter Essay

The Double Life Exposed in The Scarlet Letter Irish novelist Brian Moore observed, There comes a point in many peoples lives when they can no longer play the role they have chosen for themselves. From Hollywood movie stars to professional athletes, people have and will continue to lead false lives, under the public spotlight, concealing their personal travails. In literature, the preceding statement has held true numerous times, in works such as Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter. Minister and respected citizen, Arthur Dimmesdale, was perceived as an upstanding member of the community who preached the word of the heavenly Father. But before the public, he was only camouflaging his†¦show more content†¦This was the case during a service following his vigil when, Souls... were brought to the truth by the efficacy of that sermon, and vowed within themselves to cherish a holy gratitude towards Mr. Dimmesdale (108). Hawthorne made Dimmesdales public character so morally, scholarly, and biblically flawless, that his hidden past literally killed him from the inside. Hawthorne used Dimmesdales secret passion with Hester to engineer his relentless downfall. Despite feelings of remorse for his sin, Dimmesdales internal fire could not be extinguished until he publicly confessed his sin. However, this process of publicly confessing his sin was a lengthy one indeed. Over that course of time, seven years to be exact, we observed the mental and physical decay of Arthur Dimmesdale. While standing on the scaffold Dimmesdale could feel the presence of a spirit gazing down upon him from the heavens, staring at his scarlet token, which lay upon his right, naked breast. Hawthorne noted that Dimmesdale had felt, On that spot, in very truth, there was, and there had long been, the gnawing and poisonous tooth of bodily pain (102). To support Hawthorne, critic Seymour Gross stated, Dimmesdale must struggle to make himself a fit receptacle for Gods grace before his A can be purged (338). Dimmesdale himself gave us a glimpse into his personal sufferings, byShow MoreRelatedA Matter of The Heart Essay1446 Words   |  6 Pageslasting consequences that affect all of life. Many characters in Hawthorne’s works go through their lives struggling as they try to cope with the guilt and shame associated with their actions. Some try to conceal their sin in order to avoid the consequences that will result, while others are seen outwardly suffering the consequences of their actions. Those who try to conceal their sin find that the inward consequences continue to grow. The Scarlet Letter is an example of Hawthorne’s recognitionRead MoreEssay The Truth Behind Lies 1182 Words   |  5 Pagesmisunderstanding. The novel, The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, emphasizes how sin and lies lead to humiliation and punishment. Hester Prynne was a young Puritan woman who committed adultery and was forced to wear a scarlet letter â€Å"A† next to her b osom. In spite of her sin Hester was blessed with a beautiful baby girl named Pearl. Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale punished Hester for her error even though he too committed the same crime. Through the Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne portrays hypocrisy asRead MoreAnalysis Of The Scarlet Letter 1233 Words   |  5 PagesKyle Cho Mr. Ertman AP Lit Per.4 2 November 2015 In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s time-honored novel, The Scarlet Letter, the relationship between Pearl and her biological father, Arthur Dimmesdale, changes from that of unfamiliarity and fear to one of love and acceptance. Throughout most of the novel, Dimmesdale is unable to face Pearl without being reminded of his sin and he becomes estranged to his own child. As a result, Pearl lacks a true connection with her father which becomes a detriment to herRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1127 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, readers are faced with the obstacles of hiding one’s true intentions. Through the lens of three characters, Dimmesdale the priest, Chillingworth the medic, and Hester the typical citizen, the audience is able to learn a valuable lesson. No matter how people may present themselves, if they have a duplicitous nature, this behavior will ultimately be exposed. No man or woman is able to hide who they truly ar e forever, because eventually people will knowRead MoreAnalysis Of The Play Death Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1612 Words   |  7 Pagesfather for leading this double life, â€Å"You fake! You phony little fake! You fake!† (2). This hurts Biff a lot, as he was †seeking his father for moral direction, [but] instead finds corruption, and severs the bond of natural respect† (Twayne 1). Twayne’s description is spot on because it summarizes the relationship between Biff and Willy throughout the play, and at the end of the play. When Willy dies, Happy, his other son, has more respect and honor for his father’s life, while Biff is still hurtingRead MoreLoss of Innocence in The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne2232 Words   |  9 Pagesliterature. What exactly does â€Å"losing their innocence† mean? Losing one’s innocence can be seen as a character maturing. A character may lose his/her innocence in ways including the viewing of a tr aumatic event, especially one that will scar his/her life forever. Losing one’s innocence can also be caused by losing one’s trust in someone whom he/she once trusted, catching a glimpse into the â€Å"real world†, or performing an act of immorality. The recurring theme of loss of innocence, as seen throughoutRead MoreA Detailed Analysis of The Red-Headed League and The Final Problem1526 Words   |  7 PagesA Detailed Analysis of The Red-Headed League and The Final Problem In 1888, A Study in Scarlet was published, bringing together the infamous duo of Holmes and Watson - and in the creation of Holmes, earned Conan Doyle his fortune. Scandal in Bohemia and the following stories of his characters journey into the world of crime solving appeared in The Strand magazine. The 1880s saw a growing market for popular fiction and at a mere sixpence a week, it had anxious people Read MoreFan Fiction: The Impact of a Fan-made Genre Essay2429 Words   |  10 Pagessoap operas (â€Å"The Loony Archivist†). This influx of new technology into the world of fan fiction caused the genre to grow exponentially. As writers whom had written fan fiction in hard copy switched to the new medium, and those whom had never been exposed to fan fiction became so because of their use of the internet, some of those whom newly discovered the genre decided to jump on board with it, thus leading to larger numbers of more readily available works of fan fiction. And, of course, more fanRead MoreAr 670-1116218 Words   |  465 Pageswrist. b. No jewelry, other than that described in paragraph 1–14a, above, will appear exposed while wearing the uniform; this includes watch chains, or similar items, and pens and pencils. The only authorized exceptions are religious items described in para 1–7b, above; a conservative tie tack or tie clasp that male soldiers may wear with the black four-inhand necktie; and a pen or pencil that may appear exposed on the hospital duty, food service, CVC, or flight uniforms. c. Body piercing. WhenRead MoreAr 670-1117328 Words   |  470 Pageswrist. b. No jewelry, other than that described in paragraph 1–14a, above, will appear exposed while wearing the uniform; this includes watch chains, or similar items, and pens and pencils. The only authorized exceptions are religious items described in para 1–7b, above; a conservative tie tack or tie clasp that male soldiers may wear with the black four-inhand necktie; and a pen or pencil that may appear exposed on the hospital duty, food service, CVC, or flight uniforms. c. Body piercing. When on

The Transportation Security Administration ( Fema )

This report below is a concerning the overall DHS program prioritization which will address the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) which is a directorate under the DHS and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) which become part of the Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate of DHS. This report could have not been prepared without gathering background information concerning the following area hazard/threats, hazard identification and risk analysis, terrorist laws and analyzing and quantifying risk DHS. All of which led to findings and recommendation for the DHS to evaluate and prioritize their programs I. Hazards and Threats These two words has many definition for the purpose of this report we have randomly chose Ohio and it revised code to give you an idea of what it considers a hazard or threat, which for the most part is slightly different the federal definition. 1. 18 U.S.C.  § 2331 Federal definition Legal definitions of terrorism, domestic and foreign: According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation 18 U.S.C.  § 2331 within Chapter 113B domestic terrorism and foreign terrorism will all fall under the title of Terrorism. 2. O.R.C 2909.23 making terrorist threats (LAWriter, 2002) No party shall make a threat solely to terrorize the inhabitant population, sway government policy, or disturb the behavior or a government by threating commit a specified offense. 3. ORC 5502.21 hazardShow MoreRelatedRegulatory Issues Impacting Development of an Emergency Preparedness and Management Plan1573 Words   |  7 PagesEmergency Management Agency (FEMA), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Each of these regulatory agencies has governing standards and regulations that must be, when applicable, incorporated into the Emergency Preparedness and Management Plan (Schneid Collins, 2001). The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is the primary regulatory agency responsible for the public sector. FEMA’s ties to homeland security have prompted publicRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security1602 Words   |  7 PagesHomeland Security The Department of Homeland Security is an agency made up of 22 different federal agencies which were combined in an effort to streamline the United States effectiveness in defending our nation. The core mission of the Department of Homeland Security include prevent terrorism and enhancing security, secure and manage our borders, enforce and administer our immigration laws, safeguard and secure cyberspace, ensure resilience to disasters (Department of Homeland Security, 2015). TheRead MoreThe Role Of Homeland Security From The United States Constitution1398 Words   |  6 PagesThe role of Homeland Security originated from the Founding Fathers, under the United States Constitution, that created a system and gave the primary role of homeland security to state and local governments (Oliver, 2007). When state and local governments became overwhelmed and could no longer effectively deal with a crisis then homeland security government would assist those governments (Oliver, 2007). The r elationship was created through the United States Constitution in Article 4, Section 4, whichRead MoreThe Federal Emergency Management Agency Essay1704 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is a body under the United States Department of Homeland Security that was created in 1978 to improve the safety of the American residents, especially during disasters. FEMA has a primary mandate of coordinating the response to any disaster that may occur in the U.S. and that overwhelms both local and state authorities’ resources. FEMA comes in to aid only after the governor of the involved state has declared a state of emergency and hasRead MoreOur Nation s Critical Infrastructure1249 Words   |  5 PagesIn the past sixteen years the United States has seen significant changes to the national policies that protect the population and its critical infrastructure. Two main agencies that arose from the 911 Attacks were the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the Department of Homeland Defense (HLD). These two agencies are responsible for protecting countless potential terrorist targets, millions of citizens, and the thousand s of miles of U.S boarders. How can two government agencies protect soRead MoreFEMA Essay772 Words   |  4 PagesYorks recovery efforts, none played a greater or more controversial role than FEMA, which was chosen to disburse $8.8 billion in aid. (Chen, Bagli, Hernandez, 2002) For the first time in its history, FEMA paid 100% of claims across the board, instead of splitting it 75%-25% with the affected community, and, for the first time, instead of reimbursing all qualified claims, FEMA aid was capped. (New York Daily News, 2005) FEMA assisted in New York City’s recovery by utilizing its full spectrum of disasterRead MoreResponsibilities Of The Department Of Homeland Security1217 Words   |  5 Pagesresponsibilities of the Department of Homeland Security to insure the safety and security of America from terrorism and other major problems. The main focus of Homeland Security terrorism, border security, customs and emergency management. The major controversy of the Department of Homeland Security is terrorism. The Department of Homeland Security was established on November 25, 2002. It was created for the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001. The reason Homeland Security exists today because the governmentRead MoreRoles Of Law Enforcement And Intelligence1503 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States we have many different intelligence agencies, most of which existed during September 11. One of the most well known intelligence agencies is The Central Intelligence Agency, their mission is to â€Å"Preempt threats and further US national security objectives by collecting intelligence that matters, producing objective all-source analysis, conducting effective covert action as directed by the President, and safeguarding the secrets that keep our Nation safe† (Central Intelligence Agency). Read MoreThe National Incident Management System1560 Words   |  7 Pagesand finance/administration. (Center, 2011) These tiers are still used today. The NIMS is a companion to the National Response Framework (NRF). This system provides standard command and management structures that apply to emergency response incidents. NRF has been placed under the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). DHS was formed in the wake of the 9/11 tragedy, by the Homeland Security Act of 2002. With the Homeland Security Act of 2002 there came about the Homeland Security PresidentialRead MoreWhat Kind Of Neighboring Agencies Agreements Are Important?1674 Words   |  7 Pagesfunded to work very hard to avoid, defend against, react to, improve from, and alleviate the outcome of the event, in spite of reasons, dimensions, positions, or difficulty, to decrease deaths as well as possessions and damage to the surroundings (FEMA, 2011, p.1). The NIMS provide a normalize ruling for event actions by crisis response team to circumstances like terrorists, original tragedy, crisis done by humans, disasters, and misfortune. With accumulative venture of attentiveness and willingness

Teaching Strategies Free Essays

The book â€Å"Dharma Punx† was written by Noah Levine, the son of bestselling author and Buddhist teacher Stephen Levine. As a writer, he uses a natural, conversational and empathic voice to narrate his story in order to reach out to others who have gone through the same ordeal as he did. This book, which was written in a very thorough narrative serves more or less as his autobiography, focusing primarily on what would probably the most turbulent moments of this life when drifted from one â€Å"movement† to another, from punk rock to drugs and alcohol which nearly sent his life crashing down to the point of self-destruction or suicide which he attempted several times, hence the title of the first chapter is â€Å"Suicide Solution† (Levine, 2003, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching Strategies or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1). The starting point of Levine’s story was at the detention facility where he was confined and at the time, he was going through withdrawal symptoms as the adverse effects of drugs and alcohol were being flushed out of his system. It was at this point that he would begin to retell his tale on how he got into that situation. Born in 1971, his parents hailed from the â€Å"hippies† generation of the 1960’s where they revolted against the establishment at the height of the Vietnam War and one of their mantras was â€Å"Make Love, Not War!† as well as the overflowing freedom of expression of their generation that also indulged in free drugs and sexual promiscuity as well, thereby making the term â€Å"psychedelic† an understatement for their generation that turned to drugs as a way to escape a harsh, brutal and cynical reality they wanted to repudiate. They were trying to create their own brand of utopia but somehow, this would not be perfect as well, and this would be reflected in Levine’s own family.  In his childhood years in the late 1970s and early ’80s, Levine loved to skateboard but partly out of curiosity and influence, he got hooked into punk rock and often watched punk-rock concerts as well as looking the part of a punk rocker by the time he was in his teens. Punk rock was to his generation what the psychadelic â€Å"hippie† movement was to his parents. Levine said that the situation of his generation made them turn to this fad – like him, the youth of his generation had to cope with problems like broken homes, irresponsible parents who were either alcoholic or drug dependents; there was no responsible adult who could guide them. His parents had divorced by then and he would spend time with each of them, shuttling between their homes in California and New Mexico. Both his parents remarried but his mother’s second marriage was fraught with trouble and the irony of that was she met her second husband in a meditation retreat while his father was able to move on and remarry a woman whom he truly loved and gave him a happier marriage (Levine, 2003, p. 5). However, without his â€Å"enlightened† father around to guide him, the younger Levine was susceptible to the temptations of the materialistic world. By the time he was six years old, he already began smoking marijuana and was also trying out other banned substances as well like cocaine. This also came hand in hand in partaking of alcohol which would stay with him for most of his youth. He was so addicted into drugs and alcohol that by the time he was in high school, he had become very violent, often getting into trouble ranging from brawls to vandalism that he was arrested several times for such behavior, something he appeared to have welcomed, owing to his punk rock influence, his own way of defying authority. He eventually dropped out of school and lived like a vagrant, often stealing to support his habit (Levine, 2003, pp. 21-24). In his recent detention in 1988, the point where he was at his very low that his road to â€Å"enlightenment† would begin. When his father visited him, he was the one who had set him on the path by encouraging him to try meditation (Levine, 2003, pp. 3-4). At first, Levine regarded Buddhist teachings as â€Å"bullshit† but the moment he made an effort to try it, he underwent a profound transformation. He began the 12-step program and started attending meditation sessions. He was eventually released and he started on a new path in life. Over the next few years, Levine worked hard on his spiritual growth, even practicing celibacy and taking a pilgrimage to the Far East in search of enlightenment and even meeting and learning from the Dalai Lama himself! He would eventually finish his studies by getting a college degree but he did not stop there. He went further and obtained a graduate degree in counseling psychology as well. He followed in his father’s footsteps by also becoming a Buddhist teacher and of all the places where he would like to teach, he chose to be at the very same detention facility where he used to be remanded. Although he is a totally reformed and transformed individual, there is one thing from Levine’s past that he has not repudiated, his passion for punk rock. He still listens to punk rock, and still acts, looks and dresses the part. He still sports tattoos but the difference now is that his tattoos are Buddhist-inspired such as the lotus flower and Sanskrit inscriptions, making Levine a look-alike of Hollywood actor Vin Diesel famous for his role as agent â€Å"XXX† where he would also sport tattoos. One of the things Levine discovered about Buddhism is that it is very open-minded into tolerating anything that would compliment it. Buddhist teachings, particularly the Zen school of thought, say that if an individual can be one with that particular subject, that is also Buddhism. Levine himself will attest that punk rock, contrary to what conservative thinkers may think, is not anathema to society at all. This is, of course, looking at it from a Buddhist perspective. Other people tend to view punk rock as wild, violent and to a certain extent, destructive. As Levine would also admit, he turned to punk rock as a way of defying the status quo of his generation, much like his parents were part of the â€Å"hippie† movement as an expression of defiance of the status quo of their own generation as well (Levine, 2003, p.  34). The nice thing about Buddhism is that it has a way of channeling the excess energy away from the destructive path. If there was one other thing that Levine learned from his enlightenment, it is that death is not the answer to his problems when he was attempting to commit suicide. For most people, to take one’s life is the way of the loser, notwithstanding the â€Å"samurai† concept of suicide where they would take their own lives to erase the stigma of the shame. It does not apply here and this can be interpreted in several ways. From the Hindu/Buddhist perspective, there is the concept of â€Å"karma† and reincarnation where one’s conduct in the present life would have an influence on what will become of them in the next. While these beliefs recognize death (as a natural occurrence), it does not encourage people to commit suicide. Based on â€Å"karma,† the one who commits suicide might find himself or herself reincarnated in a much lower life form because of this and surely, no one would like to be reborn as an animal or a microscopic organism! In most beliefs, death is not the end, but rather the beginning of the next phase, provided it would be allowed to take its natural course. Committing suicide would disrupt the grand design for the individual in the universe. One notable aspect of Buddhist Dharma is the direction one’s path will be, depending on the choices made. Levine’s somewhat troubled past serve as the basis of his writings and teachings. â€Å"We all sort of have a different doorway to dharma or spiritual practice. Suffering is a doorway. For me it was the suffering of addiction, violence and crime which opened me at a young age, 17 years old. I was incarcerated, looking at the rest of my life in prison and thought, ‘Maybe I will try dad’s hippie meditation bullshit. ‘ Suffering opened me to the possibility of trying meditation. † (Levine, 2003, p. 246) All in all, â€Å"Dharma Punx† is not only an autobiography, it is a spiritual journey of one individual who has endured probably the worst life can throw at him, send him on the wrong direction but through corrective â€Å"enlightenment,† was able to bounce back and become spiritually whole again. And if the spirit is â€Å"whole,† the physical body will follow as well. Noah Levine went through hell and came out of it intact. If this were to be applied in international relations, one thing Buddhism can teach is violence and hatred is not the answer to the problems in the world. Buddhist teachings teach compassion and empathy and if nations would like to establish close relations with one another, they have to begin by establishing a spiritual connection which is first done by â€Å"letting go† of one’s self. Buddhism teaches that the reason why there is so much suffering in this world is due to worldly desires. In international relations, the struggle for power often puts nations at odds with one another and this often leads to wars. Buddhism teaches the opposite, in letting go of these desires and to empathize. In doing do, not only are friendly relations established, but one’s own interests will be met by others and one need not worry about it anymore. Finally, â€Å"Dharma Punx† is a very enlightening book which is highly recommended to anyone, not necessarily to those who went through the same ordeal as the author went. The author had been there and had done that yet he would not encourage anyone to go through it. Nevertheless, the book is very helpful for anyone who needs to be steered to the right direction of real happiness which is something no worldly goods can provide. How to cite Teaching Strategies, Papers

Thermal Aspects of the Refrigerated Vehicles Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Optimize Thermal Performance Of Refrigerated Vehicles In The Distribution Of Perishable Goods. Answer: Introduction The literature review has gone through a detailed research on the optimization of the thermal performances of the refrigerated vehicles which are required in the distribution process of a production unit. The perishable goods are always a matter of concern for the production department of an organization. However, the performance of the refrigerated vehicles can be measured with various mathematical and analytical models and the total quality control strategies need to be maintained in the systems of production (Pellicer et al, 2016). According to the studies of the production and inventory management, the temperature of the refrigerated products should be kept under control and the limits should be maintained in the production units (Novaes et al, 2015). This will ensure the optimum safety levels for the products and the product quality level will be enhanced. Along with that, the variation in the product temperatures along with the vehicles used in the production unit are presented by various non-linear functions (Techer et al 2014). In the traditional cargo distribution the vehicle optimization with the routing process is employed and the distribution problems of the vehicles are depended on) the Travelling Salesman procedures. The process of cargo unloading and the distribution influences the thermal aspects of the vehicles (Andreji?, Bojovi?Kilibarda, 2016). The thermal quality and other aspects are needed to be evaluated in the analysis of PCI (Process Capability Indices). However, the thermal aspects and the temperature does not vary with the time in a linear relation, thus a Simulated Annealing Algorithm is required for this purpose to get the solution in which the temperature can be maintained easily along with the travelling of the vehicles should be minimum in the production inventory (Benedito et al 2015). The production unit of an organization needs to ensure the quality of the production and the products along with the health safety levels by controlling the temperature all through the cold chain process. It is necessary to maintain the balancing situation over the refrigerated vehicles in the production floor. There are number of some factors which affect upholding of the eminence aspects and the perishability of the good during production (Kayansayan, Alptekin Ezan, 2014). The factors are such as the use of proscribed atmospheres throughout the cargo space or in the transit, the chemical treatments to control the physiological disorders and the heat treatments for that purpose. The packaging and handling systems influences the perishability of the foods items and the initial quality of the commodity also affects the perishability of those food items in the inventory. The temperature maintenance of the product during the distribution, storage and transit influences the perishabilit y too (Houdek et al 2014). However, the risk factors during the transit may influence the quality of these products and it may rapidly change in the storage and lead to quality losses. Thermal aspects of the refrigerated vehicles The thermal aspects of the refrigerated vehicles are controlled with the Process Control Indices and it serves the benchmarking elements to constitute the refrigerated transport systems. The use of PCIs ensure the minimum level of operating effectiveness by the system. The international ISO rules are compiled in the refrigerated freight transport (Kolda et al, 2014). There are many countries who have their specific rules regarding the refrigerated freight transport. Every country use to serve some specific legislations for the temperature control requirements for the inventory management of the production units in that country. The storage and the transport of perishable goods are taken care with some strict guidelines to the industrial aspects. However, the hygiene of the food products are major requirements in this process. Thus, the temperature maintenance should be adequately controlled and monitored. The Australian Government has put some regulation regarding this purpose. The regulation states that, the refrigerated vehicles need to have adequate cooling facility to equipoise the heat load permeated through the insulated body (Kinnear, Rose Rolfe, 2015). Along with that, it should have some extra capacity for the heat leakage purposes. The rules of the extra cooling capacity is states as a percentage of 25% (Dalk?l? et al 2015). However, the extra capacity can be stated to increase up to 200% for the trucks which have around 31 to 35 doors opening in a day. The reservation of the power depends on the time based deterioration of the insulation of the body of such vehicles along with the refrigeration plants. The heat of respiration during the transportation should produce the extra cooling capacity is there is a necessity to eliminate the deforestation heat (Laguerre, Hoang Flick, 2013).In some cases, it is seen that, the 6-9 years old refrigerated vehicles shows a increase in energy consumption along with CO2 emissions. Thus, the refrigeration equipments of the vehicles are required to the operated reliably. Analysis of the Thermal Performance The models that discourse the evaluation of the heat and the mass transference during the time of transport can be divided in that factors which regard as the atmosphere of the transport unit and concentrate on the temperature of the products. Some of the models combine such aspects top deal with transportation. However, the fluctuations in the ambient condition, door openings and the loading of the product also influence the maintenance of the temperature of the products which are transported. There are few other models too that specifies the effects of the transportation temperatures on the food safety parameters (Li, Hwang Radermacher, 2017). In a research, it is found that, the models of the fluid dynamics and the techniques of the analysis of airflow in cold environments are used for the purpose of the control on the temperatures of the foods and the management of the refrigerated vehicles. The main purpose of controlling the temperature is stated as to decrease the microbial growth and the increase in quality (Muratore et al, 2015). The studies on the refrigerated vehicles enlisted that, there are few conditions which should be adopted by various production and inventory units to limit the losses and falls in the quality of foods. In the short distanced transportation the refrigerated products are observed with more efficiency.In such cases the pre-established limits can be maintained easily and the quality controls can be implemented successfully. For this purposes, the focus should be given to the logistics application and the theoretical models can be employed to implement the dynamic nature of the TQM (Fikiin et al, 2017). The technical data should be allowed by the thermal laboratory tests and the in-the-field aspects of the behavioral characteristics should be considered in such situations. The accuracy in the data analysis for this purpose is needed to be given more preferences since the rigid technological and experimental controls are necessity for the maintenance of the refrigerated vehicles (Defraeye et al, 2016). In the context of the thermal performance there are various problems arise due to the mishandling and the misconducts of the time-temperature indicators. However, the situation can be overcome with the proper TTI (Time- Temperature Indicators) evaluations aligned with the cold chain process. According to the studies, one of the most systematic attempts in the prediction of the temperature of the refrigerated vehicles and the foods during the transit and multidrop is the CoolVan Research programme. It is a kind of software which is established by the Food Refrigeration and Process Engineering Research Centre at the University of Bristol, UK to implement the systematic distribution in the transportation of the refrigerated vehicles and the units. Process Capability Indices for the Assessment of the TTI data The Process Capability Indices (PCI) are the numerical elements which are used to compare the characteristics of a production. Values of such indices are equated with a large or small pre-established level along with the present requirements. The PCI are used in the statistical control of the control of the process quality and the productivity. However, the indices are convenient since it reduces the complexity of the information in a single value or number. The application of the PCI is related with the TTI values and the presentation is regarding the distribution of the data collected for the parameters of the temperature. Capability Indices According to studies, the capability indices are required to relate the process parameters to the engineering specifications. This relative aspects may include the bilateral tolerances and the target value may or may not be used for this purpose (Gowreesunker, Tassou Raeisi, 2014). Normal Data The capability indices are such dimensionless measures which can be easily understood for the purpose of quantifying the process quality in a production. During the application, the observed variable is temperature with x parameter inside the vehicle. Along with that, a distribution passage of frozen food products is used for the same purpose. The mean m and the standard deviation are also measurable parameters in this purpose. If there are two sided specification limits for the observed temperature parameter x, the four capability indices are used for this purpose namely Dp, Dpm, Dpk and the Dpmk (Chen Zhang, 2014). The definition of the Dpindex is as Dp = (USL LSL) / 6 The purpose of adopting the Dp index is to take control of the production process. The aim of the use is to make the index as larger as possible. The variable x is supposed to be normally distributed and the mean m is equalized to the specified targeted value xT. The coefficient of Dpis defined as the ratio of the tolerance spread and the actual spread of the process. There are few indication for the index which directs the calculation towards the perceived results of the process control (Aslam et al, 2013). If Dp 1, it indicates that the process does not meet the limits. If Dp 1, it indicates the fitted temperature variation in the indicated limits. If 1Dp 1.33, it indicates that there is some probability for the process to meet the limits. This situation need to be taken for serious attention in the process. If Dp33, it indicates that the process is fully accomplished. The six-sigma coverage here represents the data base with normal distribution along with the spread of 99.73%. Along with that, the Dp1.33 situation represents the eight sigma coverage and it practically covers the spread of 100% with in the similar circumstances. In some practical cases the process is not centralized with the targeted value xT. However, the drawbacks in the process can be avoided with the index Dpk that is defined as Dpk = min { Along with that, the Dpm can be used to consider the difference between the mean m and the target value xT. Dpm = However, the sample estimators can be used for the calculation of the above indices. Non-Normal Data There are few approximated methods for the evaluation purpose of the non0normal situations in the production process. The suggested methods for this purpose reflects the accurate numbers in the sample of the non-conforming items. Through these methods, the Process Capability Indices values can be adjusted according to the degree of skewness of the population taken in this purpose. The specific factors in the computation of the deviations and the mean may vary during the adjustments of the Process Capability Indices(Chen Zhang, 2014). However, these methods are grounded on the idea of dividing the into upper and the lover deviations such as U and L. The division can be represented with the dispersions of the upper and the lower sides around the value of the mean m respectively. The asymmetric probability density function F(x) should be approximated with the two formulae such as And Here, the same means are used but the standard deviation are different as 2Uand 2L. Along with that, the function G represents the standard normal pdfs with the upper and lower bounds. The upper and the lower bounds of F(x) are approximated with the functions F1(x) and the F2(x)respectively. The values of the standard deviations can be computed as U= Px and L = (1-Px) , where Px = Pr { x m} In the evaluation of the process control and the quality, the non-normal data can be calculated with the capability indices as similar with the normal data(Aslam et al, 2013). The formulae for the calculation of the indices are as follows Dp = min { Dp = min { = min { Setting Cx as equals to 1+ ?1 2Px ?, the above expression can be simplified as Dp =*(1/Cx) Here, the (1/Cx) is a corrective coefficient due to the skewness of the distribution of parameter x. Along with that, the value of the Dpk should be corrected for the skewness and this can be estimated as below The upper and the lower capability indices can be defines as DpkU = = .(1) DpkL = = . (2) Using the above two equation the PCI of the parameter of the temperature x can be formulated with the both sided specifications as Dpk =min {DpkU, DpkL} = min { (3) In the above equations 1 and 2, the 2Uand 2Lare used in the place of the standard deviation to reflect the degree of skewness in the distribution of the parameter x. The underlying distribution of x is symmetric and the value of the Px is equals to 0.5. However, the distribution is skewed then the value of the Dpkwill became smaller than the value of. The estimation of the values of the Dpand Dpk can be performed along with the calculation of the mean of the population, the standard deviation of the sample and the probability of the parameter x in this purpose. Let, the n values of the temperature parameter x be x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6 xn. The mean of the sample be msand the standard deviation of the sample be s. The probability of the parameter be P(x) which can be estimated with (number of observation ms). That is, P(x) msxi ), where the for x 0. Then the Dpk can be evaluated by the substitution of ms, s and P(x)for the m, and Pxin the equation 3. The fourth capability index Dpmkis used when the mean m departs from the targeted value of the parameter xT. In this application, there is target value only if there are the USL and the LSL used. Consequently the Dpkindex is adopted (Chen, Yang Chen, 2015). Conclusion In the production floor, the temperature of the food items largely determines the rate of the microbial activities which can be the cause of the spoilage of the most of the fresh food products. Along with that, lack of continuous monitoring of the temperature can hamper the distribution of the units. Such interruption during the transit and control can lead to the deterioration of the quality of products during the production process. The required product temperatures are needed to be maintained from the production to the consumptions stages. References Andreji?, M., Bojovi?, N., Kilibarda, M. (2016). A framework for measuring transport efficiency in distribution centers. Transport Policy, 45, 99-106. Aslam, M., Wu, C. W., Azam, M., Jun, C. H. (2013). Variable sampling inspection for resubmitted lots based on process capability index Cpk for normally distributed items. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 37(3), 667-675. Crcel, J. A., Benedito, J., Cambero, M. I., Cabeza, M. C., Ordez, J. A. (2015). Modeling and optimization of the E-beam treatment of chicken steaks and hamburgers, considering food safety, shelf-life, and sensory quality. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 96, 133-144. Chen, C. P., Zhang, C. Y. (2014). Data-intensive applications, challenges, techniques and technologies: A survey on Big Data. Information Sciences, 275, 314-347. Chen, K. S., Yang, S. L., Chen, H. T. (2015). Process improvement capability index with costA modeling method of mathematical programming. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 39(5), 1577-1586. Dalk?l?, A. S., Celen, A., ebi, A., Wongwises, S. (2016). Effect of Refrigerant Type and Insulation Thickness on Refrigeration Systems of Land and Sea Vehicles. Strojnikivestnik-Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 62(4), 252-259. Defraeye, T., Nicolai, B., Kirkman, W., Moore, S., van Niekerk, S., Verboven, P., Cronj, P. (2016). Integral performance evaluation of the fresh-produce cold chain: A case study for ambient loading of citrus in refrigerated containers. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 112, 1-13. Fikiin, K., Stankov, B., Evans, J., Maidment, G., Foster, A., Brown, T., ... Alvarez, G. (2017). Refrigerated warehouses as intelligent hubs to integrate renewable energy in industrial food refrigeration and to enhance power grid sustainability. Trends in Food Science Technology, 60, 96-103. Gowreesunker, B. L., Tassou, S. A., Raeisi, A. H. (2014). Numerical study of the thermal performance of well freezer cabinets. In Proceedings of the 3rd IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain, London. Houdek, P., Rajtmajer, V., Kolda, M., Kopecka, M., Hegar, M. (2014). U.S. Patent Application No. 14/268,239. Kayansayan, N., Alptekin, E., Ezan, M. A. (2014). Flow and thermal characteristics of airflow inside a refrigerated container. International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics. Kinnear, S., Rose, A., Rolfe, J. (2015). Emissions reporting in the Australian road freight transport sector: is there a better method than the default option?.International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 9(2), 93-102. Kolda, M., Kopecka, M., Hegar, M., Rajtmajer, V., Houdek, P., Forejt, L., Ghiraldi, A. (2014). U.S. Patent Application No. 14/888,652. Laguerre, O., Hoang, H. M., Flick, D. (2013). Experimental investigation and modelling in the food cold chain: Thermal and quality evolution. Trends in Food Science Technology, 29(2), 87-97. Li, G., Hwang, Y., Radermacher, R. (2017). Cold Thermal Energy Storage Materials and Applications Toward Sustainability. In Energy Solutions to Combat Global Warming (pp. 67-117). Springer International Publishing. Muratore, G., Restuccia, C., Licciardello, F., Lombardo, S., Pandino, G., Mauromicale, G. (2015). Effect of packaging film and antibrowning solution on quality maintenance of minimally processed globe artichoke heads. Innovative Food Science Emerging Technologies, 31, 97-104. Novaes, A. G., Lima Jr, O. F., Carvalho, C. C. D., Bez, E. T. (2015). Thermal performance of refrigerated vehicles in the distribution of perishable food.PesquisaOperacional,35(2), 251-284. Pellicer, E. L., Garca, J. B. A., Marn, V. M., Albesa, B. (2016). Procedure for Optimization of a Modular Set of Batteries in a High Autonomy Electric Vehicle Regarding Control, Maintenance and Performance. In Advanced Microsystems for Automotive Applications 2016 (pp. 239-251). Springer International Publishing. Techer, C., Baron, F., Delbrassinne, L., Belad, R., Brunet, N., Gillard, A., ...Andjelkovic, M. (2014). Global overview of the risk linked to the Bacillus cereus group in the egg product industry: identification of food safety and food spoilage markers. Journal of applied microbiology, 116(5), 1344-1358.

The Case of Palmetto Pharmaceuticals

Introduction When examining the case of Palmetto Pharmaceuticals and the decline in client patronage indicated by Andrew Lowerston, it becomes immediately apparent that the problem lies in the way in which sales representatives view the customer-client relations model.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The Case of Palmetto Pharmaceuticals specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While a primarily sales oriented approach does address the issue of selling products, it fails to sufficiently address the issue of maintaining a constant stream of customers. As such, a method of evaluation must be implemented which shows the sales representatives the impact of their current approach and how it adversely affects the company’s overall sales performance. Suggested Performance Appraisal Program In this particular case, the most appropriate appraisal system to address the issues discovered by Lowerston is to implement a 36 0 degree feedback system. Such a system works by having multiple avenues from where data on employee performance is collected, this comes in the form of employee performance data being collected from managers, coworkers, from the employees themselves and, most importantly, from customers and suppliers (Drew, 2009). Such a method would be an effective means of resolving the issue of the case since it enables customers to provide a certain level of feedback on the way in which they were treated by the company’s sales representatives. By comparing the performance input created by managers and other employees with that of the clients, the company will be able to show the sales representatives the impact of their actions vis-à  -vis the actual performance of the company (Drew, 2009). The advantage of this particular method is that while it will show sales representatives that they are complying with the sales metrics set by the company, it would also indicate that they are actual ly failing when it comes to the broader goals of the company in terms of maintaining a constant stream of consumer patronage for its products (Downs, 2012). As a result, this would necessitate a distinct change in performance on the part of the sales representatives wherein they would be more inclined towards developing long lasting relations with their clients rather than focus on a quick sale for the sake of meeting a metric. Unfortunately, the inherent problem with this particular method of appraisal is the fact that it takes a considerable period of time for an evaluation to be completed (Downs, 2012). For example, feedback forms need to be sent to managers, other employees and to customers at which point they have to be filled out and returned to the company. This can take a considerable amount of time and, in the case of some customers, the forms may not be entirely accurate. Not only that, in some cases the performance indicators that are filled out by managers and employees may not be entirely accurate as well and, as such, this places considerable doubt on the accuracy of this particular approach on performance evaluation.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Based on an analysis of the pros and cons of the 360 degree feedback system as well as its possible use in the case of Palmetto Pharmaceuticals, it can be stated that given the need of the company to evaluate its sales representatives based on the input of consumers, the 360 degree feedback system presents itself as the most viable option in this particular instance. While it may be true that there are some problems related to the time it takes to analyze the data and the issues regarding the overall accuracy of the information collected, such factors are relatively minor compared to the potential benefits accrued. Reference List Downs, L. J. (2012). Integrated talent managemen t: Building a Strategy One Block at a Time. T+D, 66(8), 42. Drew, G. (2009). A â€Å"360† degree view for individual leadership development. Journal Of  Management Development, 28(7), 581-592. This case study on The Case of Palmetto Pharmaceuticals was written and submitted by user Logan Chan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Anorexia Vs. Bulimia

Anorexia Nervosa vs. Bulimia Nervosa In today’s society many people are affected by eating disorders and their deadly side effects. Two of the most common eating disorders, anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, are often confused for one another because they each share many of the same qualities; however, each disorder has its own distinct behaviors that make it quite different from the other. Because each disorder is serious and can be deadly, it is important for people to understand each one individually in order to be able to distinguish each disorder from the other. In comparison, both eating disorders involve dangerous behaviors that the victims of the disorders believe to either aid in the loss of weight or prevent the gain of weight. The victims of both disorders generally have poor self-images and emotional stress that is often accompanied by feelings of guilt and depression. Another strong comparison to make between anorexia and bulimia is that psychologists have yet to find out if the causes of the disorders are from genetics, the environment, or a combination of both genetic and environmental factors. Most theories today conclude that both disorders stem from a combination of genetic factors, such as chemical imbalances in the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, and environmental factors, such as the value of slenderness and the rejection of obesity. Another strong comparison is that both disorders are found to be much more common among females than males. In contrast, the two eating disorders vary from each other in that each disorder has its own distinct practices and behaviors in which its victims partake. Practices for victims of anorexia nervosa include refusal to eat any kind of food and denial that their behaviors and unhealthy appearance are unusual. Practices for victims of bulimia nervosa differ in that the victims will binge on incredibly large and abnormal quantities of food and then purge, which is o... Free Essays on Anorexia Vs. Bulimia Free Essays on Anorexia Vs. Bulimia Anorexia Nervosa vs. Bulimia Nervosa In today’s society many people are affected by eating disorders and their deadly side effects. Two of the most common eating disorders, anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, are often confused for one another because they each share many of the same qualities; however, each disorder has its own distinct behaviors that make it quite different from the other. Because each disorder is serious and can be deadly, it is important for people to understand each one individually in order to be able to distinguish each disorder from the other. In comparison, both eating disorders involve dangerous behaviors that the victims of the disorders believe to either aid in the loss of weight or prevent the gain of weight. The victims of both disorders generally have poor self-images and emotional stress that is often accompanied by feelings of guilt and depression. Another strong comparison to make between anorexia and bulimia is that psychologists have yet to find out if the causes of the disorders are from genetics, the environment, or a combination of both genetic and environmental factors. Most theories today conclude that both disorders stem from a combination of genetic factors, such as chemical imbalances in the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, and environmental factors, such as the value of slenderness and the rejection of obesity. Another strong comparison is that both disorders are found to be much more common among females than males. In contrast, the two eating disorders vary from each other in that each disorder has its own distinct practices and behaviors in which its victims partake. Practices for victims of anorexia nervosa include refusal to eat any kind of food and denial that their behaviors and unhealthy appearance are unusual. Practices for victims of bulimia nervosa differ in that the victims will binge on incredibly large and abnormal quantities of food and then purge, which is o...

Research proposal Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Research proposal - Annotated Bibliography Example Apple Inc has been able to capture this market through establishing a department whose role is to market the products through the social media. This source explains the benefits of social media marketing. According to this source, the customers are turning towards companies that are innovative and integrate their ideas in the production process. Besides marketing, social media provides a platform for the company to interact with the customers. According to this source, marketing of the high technological products has changed over times. Due to the dynamic nature of the devices, it has become important to identify a cheaper marketing strategy. This source is important in identifying the impact that social media has been having on the company sales. The tastes and preferences of the current market keep on changing. Different companies are setting up huge amounts of money to conduct research on different aspects that affect the consumption behavior of the market. This source will be significant in identifying other ways that social media can be used to enhance the performance of the company. Social media has improved the performance of the business by making it easy to contact the customers. This source will be significant in identifying how social social media has improved the communication process. Many of the people have focused on leadership of Apple Inc as being the key to success of the company. However, social media has been instrumental in boosting the performance of the business. In addition, it has enabled the company to reach customers who are located in different parts of the

Legal Elements of a Business Contract Coursework

Legal Elements of a Business Contract - Coursework Example Consideration is the third element in contracts and is denoted as a valuable item or cash, which is presented so as to make the contract more binding. For example, a seller may require a buyer to present the payments for goods if they are to be delivered. The payment is considered as a consideration in this case. However, the buyer does not need to buy the full amount. The consideration is only given if there is a promise made (Boundy 2010, p. 64). In addition, the law requires that both parties should have an intention of getting into a contract. They must exhibit the awareness that their agreement is to be bound by law. The contract must be made by people out of their free consent without any form of coercion, fraud, mistake, misrepresentation or undue influence. The individuals must be in their right capacity to make contracts. This refers to the soundness of mind, being of the right age as well as individuals not disqualified by law to make any contract. There must be a lawful object of the contract as well as the certainty of the contract. The law also considers the possibility of performance surrounding the lawful object which is the subject of the contract. If it is something that cannot happen, then the law cannot enforce such contracts. Some contracts require legal formalities in form of writing (Boundy 2010, p. 67). Bilateral contracts are made by two parties after the agreement of terms and conditions while unilateral contracts only involve one party who presents the terms as well as the offer. Unilateral contracts are commonly applied by individuals looking for lost items who offer rewards to individuals who find them. In unilateral contracts, only one person is bound by the law (Boundy 2010, p. 94).

Germany and Germans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Germany and Germans - Essay Example A major contributing factor to his rise was the use of printing press which was introduced in this time period. He published pamphlets like Christian Liberty, On the Freedom of a Christian Man and the Babylonian Captivity of the Church. However, his most famous publication was the â€Å"95 Theses†, published in 1517. The publication was against the abuse of papal authorities and use of indulgences to bail out of jail free. His publications spread quickly through Europe and in 1521 he was summoned to appear in front of an assembly of Holy Roman Empire known as â€Å"Diet of Worms†. He was declared an outlaw and hid till 1522. He continued his teachings and two year long Peasant War was based on his ideas and theories about the Catholic system. It was the first of the revolt that lead to the revolution in Christianity and the rise of Protestantism. Luther continued teaching and served as Dean in the University of Wittenberg till his death in 1546. David Cole interviewed Dr. Franciszek Piper in 1992 to raise questions about the Holocaust story which is the death of Jews by Adolf Hitler during his period as Chancellor of Germany till 1945. David Cole visited one of the biggest camps of the World War II at Auschwitz to find evidence of the gas chambers and alleged homicidal gassings. He filmed his visit of the camp in an hour long video and interviewed tour guides, supervisor and Dr. Franciszek who was the senior curator to confirm his findings that point towards the idea that the Holocaust was a made up story. David Cole presented evidence and logic that conveys the message that the Gas Chambers at Auschwitz were constructed after the war. The main chamber was examined and signs of structural changes were shown along with the tour guide and supervisor presenting different views as to the presence of â€Å"Holes† in the chamber; supposedly these were used for delivery

Pel Company History

Pel Company History Pak Elektron was setup in 1956 as a Public Limited Company with the object of initially producing transformers, switchgears, and electric motors. AEG experts and PEL personnel carried out the designing and production of this equipment jointly. After the conclusion of joint venture agreement with AEG Saigol Group acquired the PEL COMPANY in October 1978. The company floated its shares to the general public and was listed on Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) and Lahore Stock Exchange (LSE). In 1980, Appliances Division was established and in 1981 its starts the production of Window Type Air Conditioners with the technical collaboration of General Corporation of Japan. This air conditioner was well received in the market for its quality. Subsequently in 1987 the production of Refrigerators and Deep Freezers was started. In 1993 the company has started the assembly of Compressors for Refrigerators and Deep Freezers under technical collaboration with Messrs. NECCHI COMPRESSORI of Italy. It was in early 70s that PEL became known in overseas markets due to its quality. The company started its export to countries like Saudi Arabia, Abu Dhabi, Qatar etc. Later on PEL supplied electrical equipments to various other countries in the Middle East, Far East and Africa with great success. 1.2 Vision To providing engineering goods and services through continuous improvement 1.3 Mission Statement To provide quality products services to the complete satisfaction of our customers and maximize returns for all stakeholders through optimal use of resources, To focus on personal development of our employees to meet future challenges, To promote good governance, corporate values and a safe working environment with a strong sense of social responsibility CHAPTER NO 2 BUSINESS OPERATIONS This chapter has been divided in five section, Section one described the product in which PEL deal. In second section business operation analysis are given. In section third SWOT analysis is given. In fourth section future strategy is given. In fifth section competitive analysis is given. 2.1 Organizational Structure 2.1 Division of PEL There are two division of PEL: Power Division Appliances Division This division is comprised for four departments. 2.1.1 Power Division The most powerful revenue generating business unit of PAK Elektron, produces Transformers, Switchgears and Energy Meters for the public sector such as KESC Karachi Electric Supply Corporation, LESCO and PESCO. They provide these three products: Production Transformers Production Switchgears Production Energy Meters During the year 2006, PEL retained its market leadership in the Power Equipment market, increasing its market share from 33% in 2005 to 36% in 2006 in the switchgear market and also maintained share of 35% in 2006 as well in the energy meters market. PELs leadership in the Power Equipment market is largely due to its strong Research and Development knowledge and high product quality. 2.1.1.1 Production Transformers PEL has vast experience in design and manufacturing of standard and special purpose transformers up to 33kV and up to 6000kVA ratings. PELs transformers have been successfully type tested for Impulse voltage and short circuit tests at KEMA, (Holland), HVSC Lab, Rawat (Pakistan), NIP (Pakistan) and UET (Pakistan). 2.1.1.2 Production Energy Meters Another successful and most powerful department of power division is its energy meter production department that manufactures Electro-mechanical Energy Meters under license from ABB-USA.The quality of PEL meters has been certified by KEMA Laboratories (Holland) and conforms to IEC 521, SGS Yarsley, and U.K, has certified PEL Energy Meter plant for ISO 9002. Following types of meters are manufactured: Electro mechanical Single phase Three phase_ Direct connected STATIC /DIGITAL Single Phase Three Phase Directed connected 2.1.1.3 Production Switchgears Switchgears are one of the highly technical and specialized power products of PEL. They are produced for indoor and outdoor installations complying with international installation standards. A major customer for this product is WAPDA. The Company provides one year after sales service warranty to WAPDA, KESC and other customers. In Switchgear, PEL enjoys market share of 33 % while competitors are Alstom, Siemens and Fico. 2.1.1.4 Power Transformers Owing to massive growth in power sector, demand for power transformers is also growing proportionately for all ratings from 66KV to500 KV. PEL has stepped into this activity by starting the manufacturing of 132 KV transformers, being the most demanded rating, and for these purposes has formed a strategies partnership by signing the two agreements. Based on the demand forecast of Power Transformers for WAPDA, KESC and other projects, PELs market share is initially targeted to be 20%, growing in five years. 2.1.2 Appliances Division The Appliances Division of PEL is the pioneer manufacturer of electrical goods in Pakistan. The Divisions product portfolio comprises of air-conditioners, refrigerators, televisions, microwave ovens, and split air-conditions. PEL is one of the three leading players in the home appliances market. The Company is engaged in the manufacturing and/or marketing of the following home appliances. The Companys Appliances Division contributed significantly to its sales in 2005-06. The main reasons for this growth are increase in market sizes along with PELs strong brand image accompanied with its extensive dealership network spread nationwide with over one thousand outlets and an after sales service network with over 100 workshops. Another major reason for the increasing growth in the home appliances market is the easy availability of consumer financing at lower interest rates. PEL itself is involved in selling its products through a marketing wing for sales against consumer financing. Availability of Chinese products at very competitive prices has not proven to be that big a threat to the local industry. This is because of the improved quality of the local products and cost efficiencies due to economies in product and raw material purchases hence making the local products competitive with the Chinese imports. In 2005-06, the Appliances Division contributed around 53%to the Companys sales whereas the Power Division made up the remaining 47%. Refrigerators and Split air conditioners were the main source of revenue in the Appliances Division, whereas transformers and energy meters are the main revenue drivers in the Power Division. The Appliance Division accounted for 44% of Net Sales during the year ended June 30th 2007. Refrigerators and Split air conditioners were the main source of revenue in the Appliances. The Company is engaged in the manufacturing and/or marketing of the following home appliances. Manufacturing Trading Refrigerators Microwave Ovens Air Conditioners (Split) Conditioners (Window) Deep Freezer Floor Standing ACs Generators Washing Machines 2.2 Business Process Analysis (Industrial Analysis) 2.2.1 Transformers PEL has vast experience in design and manufacturing of standard and special purpose transformers. New technical designs for improved efficiency and quality against special orders of non-standard transformers are continuously being explored. These transformers are available for various applications. Distribution Transformers Auto Transformers Furnace Transformers Welding Transformers Transformers are normally supplied in a period of 3 4 months after the receipt of orders from respective distribution companies of WAPDA and varied supply time for private customers. The Company provides one year after sales service warranty to WAPDA, KESC and private sector customers. 2.2.2 Energy Meters PEL manufactures three types of energy meters; Single Phase and Poly Phase. The electro-mechanical energy meters are manufactured under license from ABB of USA. The quality of PEL meters has been certified by KEMA Laboratories of Holland. PEL meters are superior than others due to their ability to lower revenue losses through accurate precise operation and reduction of maintenance expenses. Single Phase energy meters provide maintenance-free operations over a long period and accurate measurement of electrical energy. Poly Phase energy meters improve load performance and precision accuracy. The meters require minimum maintenance and can withstand abuse from surges and magnetic tampering. Three phase digital electronic meter with dual tariff capability recently launched and supplies to WAPDA has begun this year. Energy meter orders from WAPDA are received annually and their supply period is 9 -10 months. Energy meters to KESC are supplied in a period of 3 4 months. The Company provides one year after sales service warranty to WAPDA, KESC and Others. 2.2.3 Switchgears Switchgears are one of the highly technical and specialized power products of PEL. They are produced for indoor and outdoor installations complying with international installation standards. A major customer for this product is WAPDA. The Company provides one year after sales service warranty to WAPDA, KESC and other customers. 2.2.4 Refrigerators PEL Refrigerators were introduced in 1987 with features such as VCM (Vinyl Coated Metal) coating; stylish finishing and auto drain systems. PEL refrigerators carry compressor made by Danfoss of Germany. The low noise compressor is extremely silent and keeps the refrigerator running smoothly. Furthermore, the compressor is resilient to fluctuations in voltage level, thereby proving to be a more durable product. PEL is actively involved in the manufacturing and trading of refrigerators, which is a major source of consistent growth. The refrigerators business contributes to 48% of the Companys sales and this trend is expected continue in years to come (which is reflected in the figures for 2005-06 in the table below). 2.3 SWOT Analysis 2.3.1 Strengths PEL has the following strengths and is in more competitive position in these areas than its competitors. Following are the main strong points of PEL. 2.3.1.1 Strong Brand Image PEL has created the strong brand image in the mind of the customers through higher quality and low price. The customers of the PEL always prefer to buy the PEL home appliances like WRAC split AC and refrigerators whenever they wanted to buy. 2.3.1.2 Strong Dealer Network It is also the plus point for the PEL that it has also developed the strong dealer network in the market. The dealers are always trying to sell the PEL appliance to the customers because they know there are high margin in the PEL products. They can get more money after selling the PEL products. The management of PEL also provides more incentives to their dealers than their competitors 2.3.1. 3 Free Customer Service PEL provides free customer service for one year to its customers. So the customers always buy the PEL products due to its free service and it becomes loyal customer for the PEL. PEL always provides help to their customers for repWRAC, Refrigerators and other items. PEL always make efforts to satisfy the customers. 2.3.1. 4 M Arket Leader In WRAC (Window Room Air Conditioner) It is another strong point that PEL is a market leader in WRAC. The window room air conditioner is more demanded by the customers than its competitors air conditioners because it has more durability in operating systems and cools the room in few minutes. PEL always strives to provide the innovative features in WRAC. PEL air conditioner is cheaper and has a higher quality than others WRAC. Thats why customers always purchase the PEL window air conditioner. 2.3.1.5 Leader In Power Division In Pakistan the PEL is almost leader in power division. Almost all power division are provided by PEL to wapda. 2.3.2 Weaknesses Overcome on these weaknesses then it can become a market leader in the home appliance. Like other companies PEL has some weaknesses in operating the business. If PEL loses some competitive edge in the following points: 2.3.2.1 Lack Of Advertisement PEL was a very lack of advertisement according to other appliances companies. So it is a big weakness of PEL. 2.3.2.2 Lack Of Product Range PEL has introduced more products of consumer items but there are more needs to develop new consumer items like PEL washing Machines, Vacuum cleaner and other items. Due to lack of product Range, Company cannot earn more profit because consumers have high demand of these products and they say that if company is investing in these products then we can keep all PEL items and we never need to keep others company products. 2.3.2.3 Financial Problems Sometimes PEL faces the financial problems because its stocks are so much piled up in the stores that create the problem of cash flow because when the stocks are not sold and the production is in process for 24 hours a day than the company faces such problems. 2.3.3 Opportunities For the PEL there are more opportunities for expansion the business. If PEL realize that opportunities then it will be more fruitful and profitable for the company. 2.3.3.1 Exploration of Market In Pakistan PEL has the opportunity to explore the market in all over the Pakistan. Even though PEL introduce its products in all cities of Pakistan but there are so many places that have the capacity to absorb the PELs products. 2.3.3.2 Increase in Product Range It is the main opportunity for the PEL that it can increase its product range that will be a more profitable for the company. There are more needs to develop new consumer items like PEL washing Machines, Vacuum cleaner and other items. Due to lack of product Range, Company cannot earn more profit because consumers have high demand of these products. 2.3.3.3 Export Opportunity PEL Company has also the opportunity to export their products in other international countries like UAE, SAUDI ARABIA, and other Arabic and African countries. 2.3.4 Threats PEL Company in such a competitive era has many threats as well. These threats are for the present situations and future. Company should make its policies and strategies according to these threats. So following are the main threats for the PEL: 2.3.4.1 Strong Competition There is very strong competition for the home appliance in the market. So every company tries to come in the number 1 position for achieving the maximum shares in the market. 2.3.4.2 Chinas Product Chinas products are another threat for the Pakistani companies because these products are cheaper than the Pakistani products. An even china product not well in quality but it is comparatively in low prices than the consumers home appliance that are manufactured by the indigenous company. 2.3.4.3 Price War As there is stiff competition in the home appliance market that will cause the price war. So every company reduces the prices of its products to increase the sales. It will not only reduce the profit margin of the company but also reduce the quality of products. So price war is the main threats for all the companies, which are operating in these products. 2.3.4.4 Instability Of Government The rapid changes in governments will become threats for the companies because every government adopts its own policies for the industries. So it increases the uncertainty for the investors who want to invest heavy amount in their new projects. 2.4 Future Strategy PEL is one of the most widely recognized brands in the domestic refrigerator market. It is the second largest local manufacturer and one of the leading brands. For the past four years the Companys market share growth averaged 2% per annum. With continuous efforts in RD, PEL is concentrating on quality of product and cost minimization. The Company is considering technical collaboration for value addition through planned capital expenditures. Increased sales of manufactured refrigerators coupled with sales of split air conditioners are the major factors contributing growth in the appliances business. Other products are also being introduced as a part of Companys strategy to broaden its product range. 2.5 Competitive Analysis The prices are concerned PEL is charging reasonable prices to its customer for all of its microwaves comparatively from others. Prices charged by National, which is a multinational firm, are very higher in comparison with others because it uses special Japanese parts in its microwaves and ensures high quality and performance and only rich class shows interest in National Products. According to the retailers information, people are satisfied with the prices charged by PAK Elektron but still their preferences go along with Dawlence microwaves because of its highly created awareness. CHAPTER NO 3 LEARNING AS STUDENT This chapter has been divided into four sections In section one, I have discussed my duties as a internee during internship, In the second section, I mentioned accomplishments, In the third section I briefed my problems which I faced during internship and in the last and fourth section I offered that how this internship experience impact on my carrier. 3.1 Learning and Duties In finance department there are three sections. Corporate section Leasing and pledge Budgeting 3.1.1 Corporate Section In corporate finance I worked in different units. Firstly, I learned that how letter of credit works in PEL. 3.1.1.1 L.C Section I started working for the Letter of Credit Section. They gave me an introduction and shared important points. Mr. Asad, Senior Executive supervised me in this section. Letter of Credit: A document issued mostly by a financial institution, used primarily in trade finance, which usually provides an permanent payment undertaking. The letter of credit can also be source of payment for a transaction, meaning that redeem the letter of credit will pay an exporter. Letters of credit are used primarily in international trade transactions of significant value, for deals between a supplier in one country and a customer in another. In such cases the International Chamber of Commerce Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits applies.The parties to a letter of credit are usually a beneficiary who is to receive the money, the issuing bank of whom the applicant is a client, and the advising bank of whom the beneficiary is a client. There are different types of LC: a) L.C at Sight: In L.C at sight, Our Company opens an L.C in a bank which provides a guarantee to the exporter that he will pay the due amount. Now, the exporter takes these documents to his bank and asks the bank to give him money so that he can start working on the required contract. When he fulfills the contract, he goes to his bank and provides the required documents to prove that he has fulfilled the contract. Now his bank sends these documents to our bank and our bank ask us to confirm the clarity of the documents and if cleared then these documents are called cleared documents. Then lastly we will pay the bank the due amount. b) Usance L.C: In usance L.C the contract between the two parties require the importer to pay in a longer term e.g. 3 or 6 months after receiving the material from exporter. Our bank will pay the contract amount after the agreed period. c) INLAND LCIn land LC means LC open in a same country. 3.1.1.2 Guarantees I started working on the Guarantees, Leasing, Finance against Merchandise and Cash Financing Section. They just gave me an introduction and shared important points. Mr. Tahir Mahmood, Senior Executive supervised me in this section. Guarantees Section: Secret behind PELs success and increasing market share is its guarantees section that actively works to get every order either for appliances or for power of the company by speedily participating for the contract with the help of Tender Bonds of Guarantees. Types of Guarantees Tender guarantee ( Bid guarantee ) Balance of payment guarantee Advance payment guarantee Performance bond guarantee 3.1.1.3 Long Term Loans PEL acquired a long-term loan to finance the import of machinery. Recently PEL has purchased some machinery from China for Digital Energy Meters. The process for long-term loan is explained in following. Preparation OF Feasibility Report: Following points are considered while preparing the feasibility report. Financial Statement Cost of the project. This includes operating assets (land, building, Vehicles, furniture, capital expenditure and means of finance) Project profit and loss account Projected statement of changes in financial position. Financial Analysis Pay back period of total investment Ratio analysis Breakeven analysis Schedules Sales forecast statement Total production cost. Working capital Loan repayment schedule Bank Feasibility Report Bank studies the feasibility report and prepare report and prepare its own feasibility report to see where it would be feasible to sanctioned loan to company or not. Offering the Letter: The bank, if it is satisfied with the feasibility report then send offering letter. It has, Amount sanctioned Mark up rate Charge over fixed assets Tenor Installment periodS Interest payment period Acceptance If company accepts the terms, it must respond with this period. Negotiation: Negotiation between bank and company takes place to change certain conditions of offer letter and it acceptable for both parties. A second draft of the offer letter is prepared with changes and signs of bank and CEO OF PAK ELEKTRON LIMITED. Creation of Charges: A charge is created in favor of the bank to secure its loan with following documents affidavit. It is an undertaking by the company that will follow all conditions. Form 10. It contains the particulars of assets against which charge is created. All the above documents are submitted with registrar against whom a Certificate of Registration of Mortgage is issued. Types of charges Exclusive Ranking Pari passu Loan Repayment Schedule: This schedule is prepared to show the mark up principal and total installment value for whole tenure. 3.1.1.4 PRE-Shipment Pre-shipment is the last section of the finance department. The pre-shipment report may be summarized in the following 5 tasks which are as follows: Tender Bidding Acceptance Purchase order Inspection 3.1.2 Leasing Section This section works in order to fulfill the corporate production, personnel and operational needs such as Machineries, Auto Mobiles and office equipments. It enters into the Buying Contracts always with the one who offers best terms and conditions as well as the best Internal Rate of Return to the Company. 3.1.2.1 Direct Leasing In case of auto mobiles, a bank makes the pay order and gives it to the dealer on the behalf of firm. Firm pay the principle plus interest in installment to bank. PEL can do leasing with AL-Baraka bank. They paid approximately 15%interes on them. 3.1.2.2 Indirect or Machinery Leasing Machinery is imported from china and other countries e.g. USA etc. incase of imported machinery PEL has an LC opened by particular bank. The LC issuing bank deals with the exporters bank and makes payment to it. In machinery dealing the import department of the company is involved. Import department informs finance that they do not have enough funds to make a lump sum payment of machinery, and then leasing facility is used. A third bank called the leasing bank (from whom PEL takes leasing facility) makes payment to issuing bank and acquires papers of the machinery. PEL then makes regular lease payments to the leasing bank and finally acquires the papers of the machinery. Leasing bank also sends external auditors to PEL to verify whether the machinery is actually of the value quoted, whether it is in proper condition, durability of the machinery etc. 3.1.2 Working Capital Finance This type of loan is secured against: Pledge Hypothecation 3.1.2.1 Pledge It may be constructive or actual. Constructive pledge is that in which goods are not taken by bank rather keep them in companys good own under its own security. In case of actual pledge, bank holds the possession of goods. Logistics: The logistics department comprises a part of the finance department. It is headed by Mr. M. Hanif and further consists of a senior accounts officer, two junior executives and two accountants. The basic task carried out by the persons working in the logistics section is: daily check on production daily check on stock (materials and finished goods) controlling the production plan for the future control on orders in hand Materials imported by PEL basically remains in bank custody. The bank makes payments for these materials to the foreign suppliers and releases them to PEL as per payments by them. The bank further higher mucaddam companies/clearing agents to watch over and monitor these materials. The materials are generally store in PEL premises. Material requirement for appliances and power good manufacturing are different hence their requisition are also different. PEL uses cash financing and various other credit facility provided by the bank. Raw materials are imported using the different financing facilities. Materials are then use to make finished goods. The materials when enter the production cycle a term as work-in-process (WIP). WIP is hypothecated and loans taken against it. Then a portion of finished goods produced are further pledged and payments for raw materials are made through it. The whole procedure must be carried out in a timely way with correct information reaching at the right time from factory to material section, so that materials may be requested and obtained at the right time without delay. 3.1.2.2 Hypothecation Of Stock In this the finance is given on work in process goods. 3.1.3 Budgeting Section Getting started from the first day after formal introduction of staff, MR. Masood Tahir, Manager Finance PEL assigned task to Mr. Amer Khawaja (Manager Budgeting) and Sheikh Zaigham Ali (Finance Executive) Finance Budgeting section of my supervision. Forecasting for next year He told me management prepared Sales plan Production plan Material purchase plan Direct labor F.O.H ( factory overhead) Selling expense /administrative expense Other income Financial cost Mr. Zaigham told me PEL has two Divisions 1st Power Division, which deals in the manufacturing of Distribution Transformers Power Transformer Power Project Electric meters Switch gears 2nd Appliances Division includes production of Refrigerators, Deep freezer, Micro-wave Ovens, Splits AC. Trading items (Imported goods) water dispensor, washing machine, window AC, T .V, Generator. Sales Plan Sales plan made by marketing department for appliance and power division. Forecasting Base on last five year sales which is approved by marketing G.M. Types of Sales Export sales ( Afghanistan , India) C.M.D ( Consumer marketing department e.g Govt employees ) Corporate sales ( Institutional e.g hospitals , colleges etc ) Private sales ( for bankers , G.M reference 50% discount ) Metro / Makro sales Production Plan Production plan made model wise for refrigerator, split AC, microwave oven and deep freezer. Material Purchase Plan For material purchase PEL open L/C. Direct Labour: Decide labor quantity required. Labor rate decided. Other Income Scrap sales B pair goods Financial Cost mark -up on borrowing demrage cost ( pay extra amount after exceeding the shipment days ) The beginning of every year with the help of forecasts and then latterly throughout the year they compare it with the actual transactions of these two divisions. I did Afterwards, he showed me the budgets of both divisions which are prepared at some price and cost calculations of Transformers for him and I also did different ratio analysis based on last year results. Then, I was assigned to compare the production budget of refrigerator section of the production department with the actual results yet achieved which I performed and show to him the variances till date. 3.2 Problems Encountered There was no such problem but at same time it was very confusing because they mostly prefer to tell orally rather to practical work that make us ambiguous in some manner when we want to learn more and more. 3.3 Accomplishment we were keen to know about different section of finance department specially in LC opening (letter of credit) how to get loan from banks and why made pledges. We frequently analyses the Lc. 3.4 How Experience Impact On My Career During my internship I learned lot of knowledge that is helpful in my future planning and future career. I learned how to interact with senior management and get their experience that is helpful in my career. Due to my internship habit of regularity and punctuality. 3.5 Knowledge Acquired I had chance of acquiring a lot of new knowledge because it was my first professional experience of working real world of financial brainstorming. It was great experience that how plans and decisions are made executed. It elaborate that how risk involve in each step of decision making and how efficiently management cope up themselves with their competenciese. Conclusion In the nutshell, I want to bring some new idea that PEL should initiate some social benefit programs and try build their Goodwill by participating in the society. I found that the people while purchasing for a certain item take great i

Capital Punishment Essay - Death Penalty and the Clash of Moral Ideolog

The Death Penalty and the Clash of Moral Ideologies      Ã‚     "Capital punishment is a term which indicates muddled thinking." George Bernard Shaw  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The "muddled thinking" that Shaw speaks of is the thinking that perpetuates the controversy over capital punishment in the United States today.   The impractical concurrence of a theoretical, moral argument and definite, legal application has left all sides in this controversy dissatisfied with the ultimate handling of the issue.   There are legitimate ethical and empirical considerations that stand on both the side that favors and on the side that opposes the death penalty.   The general incompatibility of these considerations renders them irreconcilable.   It is within this condition of irreconcilability that the government must initiate and implement its policies regarding capital punishment.   This fixed condition has led to the necessity for and creation of comprises between both sites of this debate, attempting to synthesize the considerations of the t wo. The contentious issue of the capital punishment was rekindled in the 1970s when, in 1976, the Supreme reinstated the practice after a four-year hiatus.   The arguments that comprise much of the legal debate on the issue stem from the eighth and fourteenth amendments to the United States Constitution.   The eighth reads, "Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted." 1       The final clause of the first section of the fourteenth amendment explains, "nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." 2     The 1976 ruling of Gregg v.... ... sides, regardless of personal conviction.   The inherent incompatibility of the arguments prevents any solution from meeting the expectations and satisfying the moral obligations of all parties.   This paradox leads to the need for compromise, in place of reconciliation, in death penalty legislation.   The status quo of the American legal system allows legislators to weigh the considerations of each side and come to some practical conclusion for the impractical clash of moral ideologies.    1  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Amendment VIII".   Constitution of the United States. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Amendment XIV".   Constitution of the United States. 3   Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976). United States Supreme Court.   Pp. 168-187. 4  Ã‚   "Leviticus".   The Soncino Chumash.   Pp. 760. 5  Ã‚   "Capital Punishment 1996".   Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin.   December 1997.   Pp. 3.         

A Wrinkle in Time Chapters 1-2 Questions and Answers

Chapter 1 (Q)List all of Meg’s problems. Which one do you think is the most important? Why? (A) Meg has many problems such as she is too effusive. Another one of her problems is that she has much trouble at school. A few examples of this would be that her teachers threaten to hold her back for her poor academic grades, she is teased very often of acting like a baby at lunch, and she fights when she or a family member of hers is insulted all this lowering her position in school. Meg’s family is also gossiped about. She has a â€Å"dumb baby brother† who is actually very intelligent but considered insane. Her father is also talked about. Using context clues I can infer that Meg’s father is not home. Meg is also unpresentable, she has unattractive mouse brown hair and revolting braces stuck on her teeth. Another problem is the setting, Meg is in the attic at night-while everyone is sleeping and there have been several hurricane warnings. What makes the situation even worse is that there is a tramp (sometimes called hobos) out on the loose. Personally, I think that Meg’s most important problem is that she is too hard on herself. I feel this way because not only is she a poor student, with terrible facial looks, and overemotional she makes herself believe that she is all these things. She even tells her cat that she is a monster. The worse she feels the worse she acts around people and the more people talk bad about her. (Q) How is Charles Wallace different from most 5 year olds? (A) Charles Wallace is different from most five year olds in many ways. For starters, he is terribly shy and doesn’t talk around unfamiliar people-giving him the reputation as a â€Å"dumb baby brother†. His shyness is not the only reason he is considered unintelligent but his lack of language until he was 4. Charles is also different because he is very fluent in English and talks like an adult. He also has a gifted sixth sense to be able to read his sister’s and mother’s minds. For example, when Meg was getting up to have some cocoa he already knew and was warming some up for her. Chapter 2 (Q) What do you think happened to Meg’s father? What clues from the book support your opinion? (A) I think Meg’s father was working on an experiment or trying to create a medicine while something went wrong and he never came home. Using clues from the book I can also infer that he is alive and that some people are thinking that he has left the Murray family. My evidence from the book is that Mr. Jenkins is asking if they had head from his father. So that assures me that Mr. Murray is alive. Mr. Jenkins also makes it clear that Mr. Murray was a scientist rising my thoughts that he may have been working on something when

Same

Same This article tries to answer some pertinent issues about the American families. As such, it seeks to illustrate whom the Americans count as family, identify how the Americans perceive their families, and find the public opinion about the American nontraditional families such as same sex marriages (Powell et al. 17).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Same-sex Relations and Americans’ Definitions of Family specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the article, the author asserts that currently there are several differing opinions on what counts as families. The author reaffirmed this opinion when he or she interviewed several family members from both heterosexual and homosexual couples. These family groups comprised of a man and a woman living together with children, a man and a woman living together with no children, a man and woman cohabiting, and homosexual couples. According to the article, the American’s def initions of families can be clustered into three groups. These groups are exclusionists, inclusionists, and moderates. It was found that the dissimilarity among these clusters extend beyond their views on same sex marriage. In the article, the author collected a number of respondents about pertinent issues concerning the American families. Through this, it was found that more individuals agreed that a man, wife, and children count as a family. The second living arrangements that had a number of individuals perceiving them as families were single families. Last in the list was housemates followed by homosexual couples with children. To reaffirm on these claims, the author carried out an independent research and consulted existing family literatures. For instance, the author acknowledges that finding consensus among existing definitions was not an easy task. The article notes that there are disagreements among several academicians indicating that the author relied heavily on previous works before coming to his or her conclusions. Equally, the author mentions several authors of other family related books. Among these authors are Berkowitz, Bernstein, Riemann, Holstein, and many more (Powell et al. 18). This indicates that appropriate evidence was provided for conclusions. In general, the article gave a broad overview of the distinctions that Americans make between families and non-families. The conclusions were drawn after analyzing a unique data set of several respondents. Based on this article, it is apparent that there are several perceptions about families in the American society. As such, it was widely agreed that a family constituted of a couple with their children as compared with couples with no children. Similarly, the article asserts that more Americans use cohabitation and homosexuality as a disqualifier for family status. However, it was worth noting that the number of those who acknowledged homosexual couples with their children as families was on th e rise compared to some few years back.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This implies that these types of families are slowly gaining acceptance among the American population. Based on these findings, it can be deduced that in the future the definitions of the American family will differ from the current definitions. In the future, social constructions based on emotional ties will play a major role in defining the American family. During the classroom sessions, the following questions can guide the students in analyzing the article. Whom do Americans count as family? What is the public opinion about the family? Does public opinion indicate a shift toward greater acceptance of homosexual families? Based on the article, can the attributes of America’s future families be deduced? Do public definitions of family translate into views regarding family policy? Bibliogra phy Powell, Brian, Catherine Bolzendahl, Claudia Geist, and Lala Carr Steelman. Counted Out: Same-sex Relations and Americans Definitions of Family . New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2012. Print. Same Same sex marriage is a moral issue that has raised controversies in many parts of the world. It is popularity referred to as homosexuality. Homosexuality is a condition in which an individual is sexually attracted to members of his or her gender. In a number of countries, same sex marriage has been legalized while some countries are still opposed to the issue.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Same-sex Couples and Marriage: Causes and Claims specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Homosexuality is perceived as a sexual orientation characterized by romantic or sexual desire towards members of own sex. A gay is a male homosexual while a lesbian is a female homosexual. Scholars of sociology observe that a number of factors cause homosexuality (Gary 21). A study conducted in the US in 1940 concluded that individuals decide to engage in sexual behaviors with members of their own sex because of social and psychological factors. For instance, the early experiences of homosexuality might predispose an individual to homosexual behaviors. Research shows that children who are abused sexuality have high chances of becoming homosexuals. Moreover, poor relationships with parents might force children to engage in homosexuality. Some homosexuals claim that they were born that way meaning that their sexual behavior is influenced by genetics. Some individuals are influenced by friends to become homosexuals while others become homosexuals due to unusual sexual experiences in children, such as excessive masturbation, exposure to pornography, personalized sex, group sex, and bitter experiences in relationships. Cultural factors can as well influence an individual to become a homosexual. Presence of homosexuals in the family can influence young members to follow the same way. In most Asian countries that subscribe to Confucianism, homosexuality is tolerated. Even though homosexuality is considered abnormal in most countries, some countries have legalized same sex marriage. Countries that condemn homosexuality do not crack down on homosexuals, but they have tough laws that prohibit same sex marriage. In some countries such as Uganda and Zimbabwe, homosexuals are perceived as people with low self-esteem and are ranked lower than dogs and pets. Same sex marriage is prepared because heterosexuality is believed to be oppressive to women. Feminist scholars observe that men are always unfair to them in heterosexual relationships. From a human rights perspective, crusaders of homosexuality note that same sex marriage is an individual freedom. Denying individuals to marry partners of their choice amount to discrimination and injustice. In this regard, human rights movements have been pressurizing states to allow homosexuality and same sex marriages (Layte 78). In fact, the UK and the US slapped economic sanctions to countries that will discriminate homosexuals. In the modern society, homosexuals are treated in the same way as other minorities.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since an individual has the right to privacy, same sex marriage should be allowed because grownups should be allowed to practice things that satisfy them. As long as people agree to have consensual sex, the state or society should not interfere. However, the act should always be done in privacy. Some observe that same sex marriage and homosexuality is a human innovation that leads to happiness. Homosexuality is human creativity that can increase happiness among individuals. Since homosexuality is genetic, some scholars note that homosexuals should be allowed to marry. Various studies show that homosexuality is a condition that cannot be controlled. Therefore, allowing homosexuals to marry will be doing justice to them. Even though various groups have raised several claims, many states are reluctant to all ow same sex marriage. Gary, John. Same-sex Couples and the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Population: New Estimates from the American Community Survey. New York The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation Law and Public Policy, 2010. Print. Layte, Rubin. The Irish study of sexual health and relationships. Dublin: Crisis Pregnancy Agency, 2006. Print. Same Introduction Same sex marriage can be defined as that union, which takes place between two people who belong to the same social gender or similar biological sex. On the other hand, the concept gay is used when referring to a person who is a homosexual. The term that is used to refer to homosexuality dates back to the late nineteenth century, but it has been widely made use of in the twentieth century.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Same-Sex Couples Should Enter Into Legally Recognized Unions? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The term gay can as well be used to refer to those people, especially men and the cultural practices, which are associated to homosexuality. These groups of people share a common characteristic and lifestyle since they are attracted to the individuals of the same sex. Another term that is linked to the concept of homosexuality is lesbian. The term lesbian is used in describing people who have ro mantic and sexual desire among females. Lesbians are women who are sexually attracted to other females. This group of women pursues the freedom of practicing homosexuality. In fact, many people consider the lesbian relationship to be of lesser harm than that of the heterosexuals. The term heterosexual relationship is one that exists between members of different sex, such as a relationship between a man and a woman. The question, debate and politics of same sex marriage have been in the public domain for quite a long time in America. This has seen the emergence of two schools of thought, namely the proponents of same sex marriage who generally include gays and lesbians and their opponents. However, gays and lesbians suffered their biggest blow of all times on the morning of 3rd November, 2004 which saw the reflection of George W Bush and the consequent passage of the anti-gay amendments as wide as eleven states (Mirriam 34). Discussion The bottom line being â€Å"Moral values† (Mirriam 74).The major concern is whether morality and ethical values be enough to discriminate this particular social groups, or should one’s sexual orientation accord hi or her state discrimination whereby the state prohibits to accord any form of recognition to same sex- marriage. Before coming with a clear stand it is important to weigh the extent to which same sex marriage can be considered evil and whether or not they should be accorded. Many opponents of same sex marriage are always concerned with how and where the couples of same sex marriage get their children. One of the most common sources is through the viro-technology that will see a possibility of women renting their womb, or even exchange their ova to create a complex and complicated manner of familiar relation all in an attempt to get babies. This also brings about the controversial question of test- tube babies which is greatly criticized for degrading the value of humanity. Same-sex couples in America engag e in such endevour in an attempt to get their own flesh and blood kids, and this desperate measures can be said to be the cause of their opposition (Cott 57).Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The gay and lesbian society is considered as a minority. However, the numbers cannot be taken for granted according to the Williams institute at the UCLA Law school there are an estimated 9 million gay and lesbians in America by 2011.This is 3.8%of the American population .with a total of 770,000 couples of same sex already living together (Cott 96). Why should we then formalize their relationship? The problem why many people cannot accept same sex marriage is based on the fact that many define marriage as a legal and religious commitment between a man and a woman thus many are not able to accept same sex marriage Proponents of same sex marriage do argue that the United states const itution clearly states that an individual religious affiliation or lack of it must be at all times protected. By this they attempt to tell of those who see same sex marriage as a sin. Therefore, denying them legal marriage means that their religious freedom is denied as no one should be forced to be part of a particular religious belief. Therefore, they should be allowed (Coontz 974). The proponents of same sex marriage go ahead to argue that nobody should be hurt by the marriage of two people. It is simply a relationship and nobody else’s business as it is a personal commitment and the concerned persons feel that if the church or some particular groups of people do not agree with the act, it is their right to express their dissatisfaction, but not to go ahead and stop it. Marriage is considered to be more than just a status legal it comes with many things that affect the society such as insurance benefits, tax filling status, joint property ownership, and agency law (Coontz 977). Critical medical decision that might need an immediate family member or a spouse to approve denies the same sex marriage the opportunity to be considered as a legal union. This makes the gay or lesbians to be in a difficult situation since it is against the societal norms and cultural values for the same sex proponents to demand some legal recognition. In fact, the economic situations nowadays require both help and support from both the husband and wife, that is, those who are married share bills on utilities. Just like those who are married, same sex couples need to support each other in difficult times, thus it becomes very necessary that they are legally bound as husband and wife. Therefore, it should be a clear message to those who are opposed to same sex marriage to understand their humanity (Coontz 978).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Same-Sex Couples Should Enter Into Legally Recognized Unions? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Those who argue that same sex marriage leads to eroded family values are not in any way honest. Same sex marriage, just like man-woman marriage would encourage the couples to settle down and avoid having sex with other people. Therefore, gays and lesbians should be allowed to enter in legal relationships and settle down (Segura 190). As discussed above, morality and ethics should not be the basis of any relationship. Indeed, the most important thing in marriage is love that is constantly nurtured between the couples in a legalized union. Therefore, people who feel attracted to one another, and are in genuine relationship that is full of love and joy should be allowed to willingly express their love, and possibly get in a marriage union (Segura 192). The fact that gay and lesbian people are denied an opportunity to legalize their marriage means that a minority group of individuals are being discriminated, that is, contrary to the American foundation of respe ct for the rights of the minority. This is why crucial acts such as the anti-slavery act were put in place. Therefore, it is important to accord every individual his/her basic right (Mirriam 121). It is such a great deal a state like Massachusetts, by 2004 granted same sex marriage legal status (Segura 189). This means that the same sex couples file joint tax returns back to the state. Since this revenue goes towards funding the government budget expenditure it is not fair for the federal government to refuse to legalize same sex marriages. The bureaucracy that same sex couples have to go through is always not justified, it is a tedious, time consuming and discriminatory since the couples are required to fill many forms. These trends limit same sex marriages, and the federal government should take into account that all these groups of people are law abiding citizens who remit their taxes without fail. Therefore, the federal government might not have a valid reason to justify why it does not formalize the same sex marriages. Conclusion In fact, it is clear that the fate of the same sex couples is appalling; there is absolutely nothing to be admired. The couples undergo unfair treatment, even though they are law abiding citizens who remit their taxes to the government in time. Moreover, in the recent past, things have changed a great deal since what was considered â€Å"immoral† in the last century is never the same to date. This is because the same sex marriages were considered immoral in the past, but currently the society is slowly transforming to accept such changes. Therefore, the federal government of the United States should legalize the union of the same sex couples and allow them to conduct their lives like any other citizens.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Coontz, Stephanie. The World Historical Transformation of Marriage. New York, NY: National Council on Family RelationsNational Council on Family Relations, 2004. Print. Cott, N. Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000. Print. Mirriam, Smith. The Politics of Same-Sex Marriage in Canada and the United States. Ontario: Broadview Press, 2005. Print. Segura, Gary, M. A Symposium on the Politics of Same-Sex Marriage: An Introduction and Commentary. New York, NY: American Political Association, 2005. Print.