An Evaluation of Library Databases and Resources for Use...

An Evaluation of Library Databases and Resources for use in Research Assign4 Page 2 References BOOK CITATION Tsang, Philip, Kwan, Reggie; Fox, Roger (2006). Faculty Perceptions of ICT Benefits. Enhancing learning thru technology (pp. 1-10). Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com/lib DATABASE: (NCU Library) - Ebrary KEYWORDS: Educational Technology, Internet in Education, E-Learning SEARCH LIMITERS: Education SKILLS IN THIS DATABSE: This is the first time searching using this database. I encountered many problems, even though I did view the NCU library tutorial. With perseverance I was finally able to navigate through the database. I need much more experience with†¦show more content†¦162-166. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy1. ncu.edu/ advanced?accountid=28180 DATABASE: ProQuest KEYWORDS: Distance Education, Distance Learning in Developing Countries, Distance Learning in Africa SEARCH LIMITERS: peer-reviewed, journal article SKILLS IN THIS DATABASE: I was pleased to notice that my e-searching library skills were improving rather fast. I began to notice that the level of frustration I had up to this point was fading. At this point I am able to perform basic searches with a considerable amount of success. Assign4 Page 4 PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL ARTICLE #3 CITATION Butcher, N., Latchem, C., Marwoyo, M., Levey, L. (2011). Distance education for empowerment and development in Africa. Distance Education 32. 2. 149-158. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.ncu.edu/advanced?accountid=28180 DATABASE: (NCU Library) - ProQuest KEYWORDS: distance education in developing countries, distance education in Africa, educational technology SEARCH LIMITERS: Peer-review, journal article SKILLS IN THIS DATABASE: My skills had improved as I began searching for the third peer-reviewed journal. My knowledge of the database search jargon and my understanding of its application to the search process allowed me to navigate through the database with much less frustration this time around. Assign4 Page 5 General Remarks The Ebrary database was very useful because it is designed forShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Diabetes Education Programs On Reducing The A1c Of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus1025 Words   |  5 Pagesfour primary health care resources, CINAHL Plus, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and Health Source databases. Results yelled peer- reviewed articles that pertain to research surrounding diabetes education programs in reducing the A1C in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Each article was evaluated based on its applicability to the research question on this paper. The pattern used in selecting the articles included for evaluation can be found in the Appendix 1. The research strategies included keyRead MoreNurs 439 Week 3 Research Database Assignment Essay1639 Words   |  7 PagesNURS 439 WEEK 3 RESEARCH DATABASE ASSIGNMENT To purchase this visit here: http://www.activitymode.com/product/nurs-439-week-3-research-database-assignment/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM NURS 439 WEEK 3 RESEARCH DATABASE ASSIGNMENT Guidelines and Grading Rubric Purpose You are to locate and document research databases that relate to a significant clinical nursing issue of your choice. The research databases may be labeled as such, or may be collections of research studies, reportsRead MoreEssay on Comparing Scholarly Articles and Internet Resources1279 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Scholarly Articles and Internet Resources Advances in technology, computer systems and internet enabled nursing professionals to access medical and nursing databases and health information for practice, education and research. The quantity of information available is so extensive that it is almost impossible to keep abreast of them. There are several kinds of articles available in computer databases, scholarly journals and published from various government and private organizations.Read MoreLiteracy Is The Most Important Skill We Teach1286 Words   |  6 Pages principals are trading media coordinator positions at an alarming rate as evidenced by the more than 30 schools which no longer offer this position. Therefore, I am proposing professional development for media coordinators which would align the research skills we already teach with district literacy initiatives. Not only should programs be aligned to technology and curricular standards, we need to not miss this critical opportunity to align with literacy. Students need opportunities both in andRead MoreTitle II Request For Funding1322 Words   |  6 PagesTitle II Request for Funding a) Decide on a program/initiative that you think would be worthy of the team creating. Describe the program/initiative. Aligning Research with Literacy Initiatives While Advocating for the Role of Media Coordinator According to CMS Superintendent Ann Clark regarding literacy as our North Star, it â€Å"is the most important skill we teach. Literacy is the foundation for academic success from pre-kindergarten through high school.† Literacy is key to achieving academic successRead MoreCreating An Effective Search Strategy1494 Words   |  6 Pagesstrategy we are going to cover formulating an effective research question, virtual reference collections, finding sources, Google search , website evaluation, and plagiarism. Once we have discussed our plan for completing this search strategy the next step would be to formulate their research question. Formulating an effective research question will help the student find the exact kind of sources they need faster and with ease. If a students research question is vague then they will most likely findRead MoreI Chose To Evaluate Macodrum Library’S History Of Sexuality1398 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Sexuality research guide for my digital humanities project is. MacOdrum’s primary purpose appears to be to help serve the students of Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada with their research. I have decided to focus my evaluation on â€Å"Finding and Using Primary Sources† tab and the â€Å"Websites† tab, because I find them the most interesting and also the most useful sections for everyday people who might visit. The overall design of the website is fairly simple to use. There are severalRead MoreComputerized Library System5320 Words   |  22 Pagesto globalize the process of research is to realize that technology is advancing at an incredibly fast pace. Computers are not confined to being used for entertainment but its role in education is also vast. Library is derived from the old French term â€Å"librairie† which means â€Å"a collection of books.† Reading materials in school are stored in libraries. Library is a place in which books and related materials are kept for use but not for sale. It is also organized for use and maintained by a public bodyRead MoreIs Cranberry Juice Effective for Preventing and Treating Urinary Track Infection?1610 Words   |  7 Pagesmethod to use critically appraised and scientifically proven evidence for delivering healthcare. EBP equips nurses to make clinical decisions based upon evidence, combined with clinical experience and patient expectations (Adams Cullen, 2011). However, sufficient literature searching knowledge is essential to retrieve current, relevant and accurate evidence. Thus, the databases utilised for this search was the Cumulative Index to Nursing Allied Health (CINAHL), MEDLINE and Cochrane Library, due toRead MoreProposal : Centralized Learning Network916 Wor ds   |  4 PagesCentralized Learning Network (CLN) Briargrove is a property management organization, which owns 500 commercial and residential properties in foreign and domestic markets. Torres Technology Adapters developed a project-planning proposal to migrate databases currently used by Briargrove and expand its educational hub by establishing a centralized learning network. Briargrove employs more than two thousand who are either, full-time, part-time, or contract employees. This organization seeks to establish

Anchoring Matter for Fresher Party Free Essays

string(35) " run specialised indigenous banks\." Meaning of Bank It is generally said that the word â€Å"BANK† has been originated in Italy. In the middle of 12th century there was a great financial crisis in Italy due to war. To meet the war expenses, the government of that period imposed a forced subscribed loan on citizens of the country at the interest of 5% per annum. We will write a custom essay sample on Anchoring Matter for Fresher Party or any similar topic only for you Order Now Such loans were known as Compara, Mintuo etc. The most common name was Monte. In Germany the word Monte was named as Bank or Banke. According to some writers, the word Bank has been derived from the word Banke. It is also said that the word Bank has been derived from the word Banco which means a banch. The Jews money lenders in Italy used to transact their business sitting on banches at different market places. When any of them used to feel to meet his obligations, his banco or banch would be broken by the angry creditors. The word Bankrupt seems to be originated from broken banco. Since, the banking system has been originated from money lending business, it is rightly argued that the word Bank has been originated from the world banco. Today the word bank is used as a comprehensive term for a number institutions carrying on certain kinds of financial business. In practice, the work Bank means which borrows money from one class of people and again lends money to another class of people for interest or profit. Definition of a Bank Oxford Dictionary defines a bank as â€Å"an establishment for custody of money, which it pays out on customer’s order. † Definition of banking In general terms, the business activity of accepting and safeguarding money owned by other individuals and entities, and then lending out this money in order to earn a profit. Read more: http://www. investorwords. com/5413/banking. html#ixzz27ewFzo5g Characteristics / Features of a Bank v 1. Dealing in Money Bank is a financial institution which deals with other people’s money i. e. money given by depositors. 2. Individual / Firm / Company A bank may be a person, firm or a company. A banking company means a company which is in the business of banking. 3. Acceptance of Deposit A bank accepts money from the people in the form of deposits which are usually repayable on demand or after the expiry of a fixed period. It gives safety to the deposits of its customers. It also acts as a custodian of funds of its customers. 4. Giving Advances A bank lends out money in the form of loans to those who require it for different purposes. . Payment and Withdrawal A bank provides easy payment and withdrawal facility to its customers in the form of cheques and drafts, It also brings bank money in circulation. This money is in the form of cheques, drafts, etc. 6. Agency and Utility Services A bank provides various banking facilities to its customers. They include general utility services and agency services. 7. Profit and Service Orientation A bank is a profit seeking institution having service oriented approach. 8. Ever increasing Functions Banking is an evolutionary concept. There is continuous expansion and diversification as regards he functions, services and activities of a bank. 9. Connecting Link A bank acts as a connecting link between borrowers and lenders of money. Banks collect money from those who have surplus money and give the same to those who are in need of money. 10. Banking Business A bank’s main activity should be to do business of banking which should not be subsidiary to any other business. 11. Name Identity A bank should always add the word â€Å"bank† to its name to enable people to know that it is a bank and that it is dealing in money. Type 1. Saving Banks Saving banks are established to create saving habit among the people. These banks are helpful for salaried people and low income groups. The deposits collected from customers are invested in bonds, securities, etc. At present most of the commercial banks carry the functions of savings banks. Postal department also performs the functions of saving bank. Type 2. Commercial Banks Commercial banks are established with an objective to help businessmen. These banks collect money from general public and give short-term loans to businessmen by way of cash credits, overdrafts, etc. Commercial banks provide various services like collecting cheques, bill of xchange, remittance money from one place to another place. In India, commercial banks are established under Companies Act, 1956. In 1969, 14 commercial banks were nationalised by Government of India. The policies regarding deposits, loans, rate of interest, etc. of these banks are controlled by the Central Bank. Type 3. Industrial Banks / Development Banks Industrial / Development banks collect cash by issuing shares debentures and providing long-term loans to industries. The main objective of these banks is to provide long-term loans for expansion and modernisation of industries. In India such banks are established on a large scale after independence. They are Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI), Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI) and Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI). Type 4. Land Mortgage / Land Development Banks Land Mortgage or Land Development banks are also known as Agricultural Banks because these are formed to finance agricultural sector. They also help in land development. In India, Government has come forward to assist these banks. The Government has guaranteed the debentures issued by such banks. There is a great risk involved in the financing of agriculture and generally commercial banks do not take much interest in financing agricultural sector. Type 5. Indigenous Banks Indigenous banks means Money Lenders and Sahukars. They collect deposits from general public and grant loans to the needy persons out of their own funds as well as from deposits. These indigenous banks are popular in villages and small towns. They perform combined functions of trading and banking activities. Certain well-known indian communities like Marwaries and Multani even today run specialised indigenous banks. You read "Anchoring Matter for Fresher Party" in category "Essay examples" Type 6. Central / Federal / National Bank Every country of the world has a central bank. In India, Reserve Bank of India, in U. S. A, Federal Reserve and in U. K, Bank of England. These central banks are the bankers of the other banks. They provide specialised functions i. e. issue of paper currency, working as bankers of government, supervising and controlling foreign exchange. A central bank is a non-profit making institution. It does not deal with the public but it deals with other banks. The principal responsibility of Central Bank is thorough control on currency of a country. Type 7. Co-operative Banks In India, Co-operative banks are registered under the Co-operative Societies Act, 1912. They generally give credit facilities to small farmers, salaried employees, small-scale industries, etc. Co-operative Banks are available in rural as well as in urban areas. The functions of these banks are just similar to commercial banks. Type 8. Exchange Banks Hong Kong Bank, Bank of Tokyo, Bank of America are the examples of Foreign Banks working in India. These banks are mainly concerned with financing foreign trade. Following are the various functions of Exchange Banks :- . Remitting money from one country to another country, 2. Discounting of foreign bills, 3. Buying and Selling Gold and Silver, and 4. Helping Import and Export Trade. Type 9. Consumers Banks Consumers bank is a new addition to the existing type of banks. Such banks are usually found only in advanced countries like U. S. A. and Germany. The main objective of this bank is to give loans to consumers for purc hase of the durables like Motor car, television set, washing machine, furniture, etc. The consumers have to repay the loans in easy installments. Definition of ‘Central Bank’ The entity responsible for overseeing the monetary system for a nation (or group of nations). Central banks have a wide range of responsibilities, from overseeing monetary policy to implementing specific goals such as currency stability, low inflation and full employment. Central banks also generally issue currency, function as the bank of the government, regulate the credit system, oversee commercial banks, manage exchange reserves and act as a lender of last resort. Investopedia explains ‘Central Bank’ The central banking system in the U. S. is known as the Federal Reserve System commonly known as â€Å"the Fed†), which is composed of 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks located in major cities throughout the country. The main tasks of the Federal Reserve are to supervise and regulate banks, implement monetary policy by buying and selling U. S. Treasury bonds and steer interest rates. Ben Bernanke currently serves as the chairman of the Board of Governors of the Fe deral Reserve. FUNCTIONS OF CENTRAL BANK M. H. Do-Kock has explained the following seven functions of a central bank in his book â€Å"Central Banking† which economists have generally accepted. 1. Monopoly of note-issue. 2. Banker, agent and adviser to the government. 3. Custodian of cash reserves of commercial banks. 4. Custodian of nation’s reserves of international currencies. 5. Lender of the last resort 6. Clearing house function 7. Credit control Besides the aforesaid seven functions there are some other functions also, namely: (i) Collection of data. (ii) Role of central bank in developing countries. (iii) Central bank and industrial and agricultural development. (iv) International financial institutions. 1. Monopoly of Note-Issue: Note-issue primarily is the main function of a central bank in every country. These days, in all the countries where there is a central bank generally it has got the monopoly or the sole right of note-issue. In the beginning this was not the function of Central Bank but gradually all the central banks have acquired this function. First of all, Central Bank of England got the right of note-issue in the year 1844. In actual practice, upto the beginning of twentieth century, generally central banks were recognized as the banks of note-issue. In India, R. B. I. , the central bank of India has got the right of note-issue. 2. Banker, Agent Adviser to the Government: As banker to the government, central bank provides all those services and facilities to the government which public gets from the ordinary banks. It operates the accounts of the public enterprises. It manages government departmental undertakings and government funds and when there is a need gives loans to the government. It looks after the management of public debt. It accepts the payment of taxes from the public on behalf of the government and makes payment for the cheques issued by the government. It also undertakes transactions relating to foreign currencies on behalf of the government. 3. Custodian of Cash Reserves of Commercial Bank: Central bank is the bank of banks. This signifies that it has the same relationship with the commercial banks in the country which they have with their customers. It provides security to their cash reserves, gives them loan at the times of need, gives them advice on financial and economic matters and works as clearing house among various member banks. A definite percentage of deposits of commercial banks are kept as reserve with the central bank. This leads to centralisation of cash reserve and facilitates working of credit control. These funds re of great significance during the time of emergency. 4. Custodian of Nation’s Reserves of International Currencies: Central bank is the custodian of the foreign currency obtained from various countries. This has become an important function of central bank, these days, because with its help it can stabilize the external value of the currency. This function has become highly important afte r the World Depression of 1929 and the establishment of the International Monetary Fund. 5. Lender of the Last Resort: Central bank works as lender of the last resort for commercial banks because in the times of need t provides them financial assistance and accommodation. Whenever a commercial bank faces financial crisis, central bank as lender of the last resort comes to its rescue by advancing loans and the bank is saved from being failed. Central bank helps commercial banks by discounting their bills and securities. 6. Clearing House Function: All the commercial banks have their accounts with the central bank. Therefore, central bank settles the mutual transactions of banks and thus saves all banks contacting each other individually for setting their individual transactions, in this way; the unnecessary cash ransactions between individual banks are avoided. 7. Credit Control: This is a very important function. These days, the most important function of central bank is to control the volume of credit for bringing about stability in the general price level and accomplishing various other socio-economic objectives. There are number of methods which a central bank may use for controlling the volume of credit such as bank rate, open market operations, change in reserve ratio and various selective controls. These methods have been discussed in detail in the next question. How to cite Anchoring Matter for Fresher Party, Essay examples

Does Racism Still Exist Today Essay Example For Students

Does Racism Still Exist Today Essay There is an underlying problem that is promoting racism. It is the fact that alot of people believe, and try to make themselves believe, that racism no longerexists. Many people today live their lives oblivious to what is happening in theworld around them, often trying to convince themselves that racism is not aproblem in their world. Others know all about the problem, but dont reallyrealize that they themselves could possibly be adding to the problem bydiscriminating against someone elses human rights, and at the same time goingaround saying how open-minded they are. One of the main problems of racism isthat many people live in racist conditions, without even seeing it. Oftentimesits in their school, workplace, community, or even in their own homes. Peopleoften tell jokes with racist slurs, and while we know not to laugh at ones aboutblacks, it seems that ones about other races like Chinese and Hispanic are okay. We tell ourselves that they are just jokes, but not to those who they areridiculing. We are all perpetrators of this and we usually feel that these typesof jokes are harmless. They can be harmless and maybe at times we even thinkthey are funny, but they are also hurtful and degrading. Some of the biggestracists are those who dont even know that they are, and even say that theyarent. These people are racist because they cannot comprehend what ishappening and do not realize what they are saying is racist. Until they come togrips with this problem, in their minds there is no problem. They say that theyare not racist, even when they dont hire the East Indian employee who was themost qualified of the candidates, even when the athletic team they coachconsists of all white athletes. Often times these people feel that just becausea person is a certain color or race, that they must be a thief or a criminal. This is very typical in todays society and no one deserves to be prejudgedlike that. The prejudice of people in the world is disgusting. The worst part ofit all is that they dont even know that they are doing it, often thinkingthat it is just normal behavior. There are people that dont realize that theyare racist and then there are those people who are ignorant and unaware ofracism in the world. They walk down the streets, through the stores and workingat their job, completely oblivious. We dont see what is happening around usbecause we dont want to see it. If you take someone and put them in the heartof a racist area, would they notice the problems then or would they still denyor overlook the fact of racism? Those people who do not see that racism is aproblem are almost as bad as the racists themselves. This is not to be taken inthe wrong way; some people who ignore racism are those people who are trying topush racism out of their own lives and out of the world. However, as long as wehave people who are unaware of the problem, it will continue to thrive.

Nike Essays (1238 words) - Nike, Inc., Phil Knight, Bill Bowerman

Nike The Nike Foundation, formerly the Nike P.L.A.Y. Foundation, is reflection of the Nike Cultures. Nike is committed to assisting youth to achieve both their personal goals as well as to contribute to the overall betterment of our society. The focus of Nike's resources will be applied to your empowerment, sports, after-school programs, and community and environmental learning to develop skills, build confidence, and to apply critical thinking to solutions to individuals, community and global concerns. Corporate Responsibility Nike's mission for corporate responsibility is to lead in corporate citizenship through programs that reflect caring for the world family of Nike, our teammates, our consumers, and those who provide services to Nike. Nike has more that 500 contract factories around the world in about 45 countries. In May 1998, Nike set out six new corporate responsibility goals for these factories. Rather than address the goals and progress across all 500 factories. Yae Kwang Vina, a Korean owned and operated footwear manufacturer in Vietnam. To begin, Tae Kwang Vina is referred to as VT by Nike's contract manufacturing group. VT just celebrated its fourth birthday. It has 10 production assembly lines and 10,000 people, who together produce 500,000 pairs of Nike's best running shoes each month. Since it was established in the summer of 1995, VT has been run by a Tae Kwang vice president, C.T. Park, who has worked closely with Nike on corporate responsibility implementation and has done some things on his own, like donating almost $300.000 to local community projects like housing for war widows. C.T., like hundreds of other factory directors, was consulted about the proposed steps, and then briefed on the May 1998 initiatives just before Phil Knight ********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************4 All-Americans and 19 Olympians. No other coach has had a greater impact on American track and field that Bill Bowerman. Bowerman once determined that every ounce shaved off a miles shoe was 200 fewer pounds lifted in a race. With that in mind, he began crafting special shoes for his athletes. In 1964, teamed up with former Oregon student and runner, Phil Knight, to form Blue Ribbon Sports, the forerunner of Nike. Bowerman's innovative designs and Knight's business acumen were the perfect fit and by the time BRS became Nike in 1972 sales were at $1.96 million. Environmental Responsibility Nike Inc. has been an industry leader in developing new technologies which we have given away to out competitors. In the early 1990's, it was becoming evident that governments were becoming more and more regulatory in how footwear was produced and from where it was imported. By 1992, Nike made the environment and worker health and safety a major corporate goal. Between that time and the present, Nike, in conjunction with its subcontract factories and their suppliers, developed many new technologies such as waterbase adhesives and primers for footwear, waterbase mold releases, detergents for outsole degreasing. mold cleaning and as flushing agents. Between 1995 and 1999, Nike has reduced its per pair usage of organic solvents from 340 grams/pair to slightly more that 50 grams/pair, an 83% reduction. At the same time, it developed recycling programs for adhesive and primer containers. It has reduced scrap levels of EVA and rubber through internal recycling programs and its reuse-a-shoe program. In November of 1998, Nike held an open forum in Bangkok, Thailand, for footwear manufacturers on its advances in the area of Green Technology. All of the above technologies were made available to Nike's competitors along with detailed explanations and a complete question and answer period, it also includes a tour of a Nike factory that has implemented a great many of these advances. Product Produced A long history of experimentation and innovations at Nike provides proof positive that producing top-quality athletic footwear is far from simple. The process requires an extensive cast of sports specialists working in close partnerships with athletes and coaches, conducting in-depth research in the world-class Nike Sports Research Lab, studying cutting-edge technology. In short these specialists do everything in their specific performance needs to both professional and amateur athletes. And, since Nike is dedicated to producing the highest quality product possible, not even the smallest detail is overlooked during the design, development and production of each and every Nike shoe. The only problem is...this entire process takes time and money.

Sample Formal Analysis Essay

Sample Formal Analysis EssayWriting a sample formal analysis essay is a great way to earn a formal qualification for your selected discipline. Even students who are getting high school diplomas could benefit from formal analysis in the first level examination.Essay writing is considered an important part of education. The authors are expected to be more than a mere mouthpiece. This is very true when it comes to essay writing. A sample essay helps in acquiring that certain edge that most employers look for in writers.Since it is required that every student should know all the elements of the thesis statement, it would be useful if he has a sample essay to make him understand what the words mean. An essay could include short, medium and long sentences. There are also some essays which include a conclusion.A sample essay is usually composed of three to four paragraphs, which contain a brief statement of information to be presented in the essay. Usually, the writer makes use of short sen tences to present information which is essential in each paragraph.It is highly suggested that the sample essay should be used for getting in touch with the topic which is to be discussed in the essay. Sometimes, there may be a need to give definitions to some terms as well. It is a good idea to include a short sentence which gives a basic explanation of the term.If you are looking for help on how to write a good essay, the most significant aspect of that you should remember is to include the correct form and the right structure. At times, these aspects are also included in the composition of essays.If you look for assistance for writing a sample essay, it is advised that you read a number of samples. Besides this, you can also find out the suggestions for writing a proper essay from the various internet resources.

Roberto Clemente Essays - Roberto Clemente, Clemente, Free Essays

Roberto Clemente Essays - Roberto Clemente, Clemente, Free Essays Roberto Clemente Team: Pittsburgh Pirates Roberto Clemente was born in Carolina, Puerto Rico on August 18th 1934. He was the first Hispanic baseball player to be inducted into the baseball Hall of Fame. He was also the second baseball player to be put on a postage stamp. Roberto Clemente was plagued with back pain during his career, but still he proved to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time. Roberto Clemente had always like baseball. He was also fortunate to join a professional Puerto Rican baseball team at the age of 17. He spent his first season with the Brooklyn Dodgers farm team. He was thinking about quitting because he was treated very strangely. The franchise was trying to hide Clemente from the Giants so when he played good, they would bench him. But when he did bad, they would keep him in the game. Clemente later returned to Puerto Rico after his first, disappointing season to visit his brother, who was dying from a brain tumor. While he was there, a drunk driver smashed into his car and permanently damaged three spinal discs, which would bother him through the rest of his career. In 1954, the Pittsburgh Pirates drafted Clemente for $4,000 and put him out in right field. During his first season he gunned down 18 runners. He got 20 runners out in his second season. In his second season he had a .311 batting average and had 5 homeruns. Then in 1958 he led the National League in outfield assists with 22. In 1960 Clemente had a fantastic year. He hit 16 homers, batted .314 and had 94 R.B.I?s (runs batted in). He led his team to the National League pennant. And shocked the nation with an upset over the Yankees in the World Series. Clemente batted .310 for the series. He won his first batting title in 1961, hitting .351 with 23 homers, 10 triples, and 89 RBIs. Clemente used to overswing the bat and his head would "bob" when he swung a bat. So Clemente started using a heavier bat. After that he went on to enjoy 11 of 12 seasons with his batting average above .300. In late December of 1972 an earthquake struck Nicaragua. More than 6,000 people were killed, 20,000 injured. After hearing that some of the supplies they had sent to Nicaragua were not getting to the right people, Clemente decided to take matters into his own hands. He flew to Nicaragua in a cargo plane and make sure that distribution was carried out properly. On New Year's Eve he boarded an overloaded DC-7 Air Force Plane that he rented for $4,000 to fly to Nicaragua. The plane crashed into the ocean shortly after takeoff. Roberto Clemente was the first Hispanic baseball player ever inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame, and in 1994 a statue of him was unveiled at Three Rivers Stadium at the all-star game.

Definition and Examples of Contact Languages

Definition and Examples of Contact Languages A contact language is a marginal language (a type of lingua franca) used for purposes of basic communication by people with no common language. English as lingua franca (ELF), says Alan Firth, is a contact language between persons who share neither a common native tongue nor a common (national) culture, and for whom English is the chosen foreign language of communication (1996). Examples and Observations Ancient Greek around the Mediterranean basin, or later Latin throughout the Roman Empire, were both contact languages. They tend to vary in use in different local contexts, and there is often a great deal of local language interference. Latin, for example, later developed many local forms which eventually became French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and so on. The contact language usually dominates in situations in which the speakers of that language have military or economic power over other language users. . . .When the contact between groups of people is prolonged, a hybrid language can develop known as a pidgin. These tend to occur in situations where one language dominates, and there are two or more other languages at hand.(Peter Stockwell, Sociolinguistics: A Resource Book for Students. Routledge, 2002)The most often cited example of a (bilingual) mixed system is Michif, a contact language that developed in Canada between French-speaking fur traders and their Cree-speaking wive s.(Naomi Baron, Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved. Routledge, 2001) English (or ELF) as a Contact Language- English as a Lingua Franca (henceforth ELF) refers, in a nutshell, to the worlds most extensive contemporary use of English, in essence, English when it is used as a contact language between people from different first languages (including native English speakers).(Jennifer Jenkins,  English as a Lingua Franca in the International University: The Politics of Academic English Language Policy. Routledge, 2013)- ELF [English as a Lingua Franca] provides a kind of global currency for people from a great variety of backgrounds who come into contact with one another and use the English language as a default means of communication. ELF as a contact language is often used in short contact situations, such that fleeting English norms are in operation, with variation being one of the hallmarks of ELF (Firth, 2009). Thus ELF does not function as a territorialized and institutionalized second language, nor can it be described as a variety with its own li terary or cultural products, as is the case with the English language used for instance in Singapore, Nigeria, Malaysia, or India, where WE [World Englishes] have emerged in different ways from much longer contact situations.(Juliane House, Teaching Oral Skills in English as a Lingua Franca.  Principles and Practices for Teaching English as an International Language, ed. by  Lubna Alsagoff et al. Routledge, 2012) ModificationsA very naive view of language contact would probably hold that speakers take bundles of formal and functional properties, semiotic signs so to speak, from the relevant contact language and insert them into their own language. . . . A probably more realistic view held in language contact research is that whatever kind of material is transferred in a situation of language contact, this material necessarily experiences some sort of modification through contact.(Peter Siemund, Language Contact in Language Contact and Contact Languages, ed. by P. Siemund and N. Kintana. John Benjamins, 2008)